Breitenfeld September 17, 1631 Strategic Context In 1618, war breaks out when Ferdinand II, King of Bohemia, attempts to enforce strict Catholicism on Bohemia, a state of the Holy Roman Empire. What begins as a localized conflict between Protestants and Catholics within Bohemia, steadily widens into full-scale warfare across Europe as Ferdinand ascends to Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. By 1629, the Protestant forces of France, Holland, the Palatinate, and Hesse-Kessel confront the Catholic-Imperialist forces of the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Bavaria and Savoy. In 1630, Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, enters the war on the side of the Protestants and lands in northern Germany. The Imperialist commander in the region, Johann Tscerclaes, Count of Tilly, invades Saxony as a precautionary measure to ensure it does not ally with the Swedes. However, Johann Georg, Elector of Saxony, fears the Swedes more and quickly combines forces with them. The combined Swedish-Saxon army confronts the Imperialist army near Breitenfeld. To view animation on PC: hit F5 To view animation on Mac: hit ⌘ + enter Stakes + A Swedish-Saxon victory would increase the legitimacy of the Protestant alliance, attracting more princes to its cause. + An Imperialist victory would crush the Swedish expedition and force Saxony to join the Catholic-Imperialist alliance. By Jonathan Webb, 2012

Breitenfeld, 1631 Strength Swedes & Saxons Well Imperialists Well Gustavus Adolphus Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly 27,800 infantry 21,400 infantry 13,200 cavalry 10,000 cavalry 75 guns 27 guns By Jonathan Webb, 2012

Europe c. 1620

Swedes & Saxons Imperialists The battlefield is relatively flat, open, and criss-crossed with roads mainly running north-south. Movement on these roads is controlled by the towns they run through, the most significant being Podelwitz to the north, Gobschelwitz to the east, and Breitenfeld to the southwest. Movement is also restricted in the northeast by the Loberbach River’s marshy area and a forest to the south. Swedes & Saxons (Gustavus) 500m 1 km Guntheritz Rackwitz-Schladitz Loberbach River Podelwitz Gobschelwitz Breitenfeld Imperialists (Tilly)

(Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly) On the Swedish right, effective coordination between cavalry and musketeers help repel Pappenheim’s attack seven separate times. Meanwhile, Tilly notices the Saxons are faltering in the face of Fürstenberg’s hasty but aggressive charge, and so advances obliquely to the right with his infantry line to hit the Swedish left flank. Sure enough, the Saxon nobility flee, causing a general Saxon rout and exposing the Swedish left flank. However, the Imperialist tercios are slow to maneuver, giving Gustavus time to respond. Gustavus orders Horn to pull back his units to meet the anticipated Imperialist attack and reinforces him with two infantry brigades from the second line. Horn is also joined by two Saxon cavalry regiments who opt to stay and fight. The battle opens with a two-hour artillery duel which the Imperialists definitively lose. The Swedish guns under the command of Torstensson are more numerous and fire three rounds for every Imperialist one due to technological prowess: the Swedish guns are lighter but highly effective and quick-firing. Not surprisingly, the Imperialists suffer disproportionate losses during this phase, raising Swedish morale. Fürstenberg reigns in his pursuit to hit the Swedish rear as Tilly’s unwieldy infantry formations finally engage the waiting Swedish left. Horn meets the Imperialist infantry with local cavalry attacks to pin them down, making them easy targets for Swedish musketeers and guns. On the Swedish right, Pappenheim’s cavalry finally collapse against the combined arms tactics of the Swedish cavalry and musketeers, and are chased from the field. Gustavus leads the cavalry reserve to exploit the gap between the Imperialist left and center, and succeeds in seizing the Imperialist guns. A mix of Swedish-Saxon cavalry defeat Fürstenberg’s exhausted cavalry, while Swedish firepower blasts away at the large targets of the Imperialist infantry masses. The Imperialist infantry waver and begin to withdraw slowly, unaware that Gustavus’ cavalry is turning their own guns against them. The Swedes fire the Imperialist guns into the retreating masses of infantry, further disordering them and inflicting casualties. Tilly’s army makes a stand in front of a forest as Tortensson drags forward more Swedish guns to add to the barrage of the captured Imperialist guns. Imperialist resistance collapses against this firepower, and a rout ensues. Swedish cavalry pursues, capturing many prisoners. Tilly deploys his cavalry on the wings with a single line of infantry between them. The infantry are in the standard tercio formation, which entails a large block of pikemen and musketeers at each corner to repel skirmishers; this formation operates as a slow-moving phalanx, virtually invulnerable to cavalry on all sides. Gustavus deploys cavalry on his wings with musketeers interspersed for firepower, and mostly infantry at the center in two lines; each sector holds back significant reserves to meet changing needs on the battlefield. The infantry are in the innovative T formation, which entails smaller blocks of pikemen mixed with lines of musketeers to provide mutual support; the T formation utilizes twice as many musketeers as the tercio. The unenthusiastic Saxons deploy to the left of the Swedes, infantry at the center, cavalry on the wings. Tired of the murderous barrage, Pappenheim leads the Imperialist left wing forward in an attempt to outflank the Swedish right wing; Baner uses his local reserve to outflank Pappenheim in turn. Fürstenberg witnesses Pappenheim’s attack and interprets this as the signal to engage; he thus leads the Imperialist right wing forward against the Saxon line. Swedes & Saxons (Gustavus) 500m 1 km Guntheritz Landmarks Rackwitz-Schladitz Loberbach River Podelwitz Fürstenberg Swedes & Saxons Imperialists Swedish infantry Infantry Swedish cavalry Cavalry Swedish musketeers Musketeers Swedish artillery Artillery Saxon infantry Saxon cavalry Saxon artillery Horn Baner Horn Johann Georg Teuffel Teuffel Gobschelwitz Torstensson Gustavus Swedes & Saxons (Gustavus Adolphus) 27,800 infantry 13,200 cavalry 75 guns Imperialists (Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly) 21,400 infantry 10,000 cavalry 27 guns Schönburg Pappenheim Fürstenberg Tilly Symbol guide Breitenfeld Imperialists (Tilly)

Breitenfeld, 1631 Casualties & Aftermath Swedes & Saxons: Imperialists: 3,000 or 7% 13,000 or 41% Gustavus pushed further south into Germany before going into winter quarters. The following year, he again faced Catholic forces in a major battle, this time under the command of Albrecht von Wallenstein at Lützen. Gustavus won the battle but was killed doing so. The Protestant victories drew more support, especially from France, which asserted itself soon after by committing more resources to defeating the Holy Roman Empire. The war ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia, which significantly reduced the Holy Roman Empire’s influence in Europe. By Jonathan Webb, 2012

The Art of Battle: Animated Battle Maps http://www.theartofbattle.com By Jonathan Webb, 2012