Expansion and Exploration of the Northern Frontier, 1500-1821 Texas, New Mexico, California, Arizona

Spanish Colonies - Religious Organization Missionaries among first explorers Conversion & Establishment of Missions Indigenous relationship with Missions “The object of the whole of the Californian or missionary system being the conversion of the Indians and the training of them up…There can be no doubt that some of these means of obtaining converts go far beyond the bounds of legitimate persuasion.”

Texas Missions and Military Outposts

California Missions

New Mexico Friar Marcos de Niza, 1539 Juan de Oňate, 1598 Settled around Santa Fe Brutal oppression of Indians

Pueblo Indian Revolt, 1680 Santa Fe, New Mexico Led by Popé Religious origins Violence against people Destruction of religious property

Route of Alvar Nuňez Cabeza de Vaca Texas Arrive in Florida, 1528 Shipwrecked on Galveston Island 80 survivors of the Panfilo Narvaez Expedition After eight years, only 4 survivors remain Cabeza de Vaca Alonso del Castillo Andres Dorantes Estevancio Survivors champion indigenous rights Route of Alvar Nuňez Cabeza de Vaca

Texas Established as a buffer against foreign settlement Mission & presidio systems the basis of settlement Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe, 1659 La Bahia, 1716 San Antonio de Béxar, 1718 Economy based on ranching & trade Hostilities with Lipan Apache and Comanche "Mission Concepcion San Antonio" by Liveon001 ©Travis Witt - Own work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mission_Concepcion_San_Antonio.JPG#/media/File:Mission_Concepcion_San_Antonio.JPG

California Colonization begins in 1760s Alta California along the coast Missions & presidios established San Diego, 1769 San Francisco, 1776 Los Angeles, 1781 Total of 21 missions Indian population 335,000-350,000

California Mixed race population Land incentives to recruit for settlement Soldier settler Economic basis in agriculture and ranching

Arizona Diego de Guzman, 1533 Yaqui Valley & Sonora Mexico

Infrastructure Main Roads Acequias Knowledge from Muslims Camino Real

The People Mixed race population Apache, Comanche, Navajo Genízaros