RNA processing and transport RNA degradation Translation Gene Expression is regulated due to environmental and developmental cues: DNA packaging Transcription RNA processing and transport RNA degradation Translation Post-translational Fig 16.1

For life to exist, the information (genes) must be passed on.

The Cell Cycle Fig 7.23

DNA replication precedes cell division

DNA replication starts at the origin of replication

Eukaryotic initiation of replication Fig 7.24

DNA replication starts at the origin of replication Helicase unwinds/separates the two strands of DNA.

DNA replication starts at the origin of replication The DNA is copied

The DNA is copied DNA replication starts at the origin of replication More unwinding, more copying

DNA replication starts at the origin of replication The DNA has now been copied. There are now two double-stranded DNAs

DNA polymerase can only use some DNA as template Completely single stranded 3' 5' Polymerase inactive G A A T C T G C Completely double stranded 3' 5' G A A T C T G C Polymerase inactive C T T A G A C G 5' 3' Single strand as template plus 3' end to start synthesis Figure: 12.8 Caption: When DNA templates are completely single-stranded or double-stranded, no synthesis occurs. The DNA polymerases work only when there is a single-stranded template and a 3’ hydroxyl group available, as shown here. 3' 5' G A A T C T G C Polymerase active C T T 5' OH 3'

Fig 7.17

How do cell’s stitch together Okazaki Fig 7.17

Proteins at work at the replication fork Fig 7.19

Gyrase untangles DNA Fig 7.19

Fig 7.16

Fig 7.22