Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3 Carbon Compounds Photo Credit: © John Conrad/CORBIS Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The Chemistry of Carbon Organic chemistry - is the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Macromolecules Macromolecules Macromolecules are formed by a process known as polymerization. The smaller units, or monomers, join together to form polymers. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Macromolecules When small molecules called monomers join together, they form polymers, or large molecules. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Macromolecules Four groups of organic compounds found in living things are: carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids proteins Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1 : 2 : 1. C1H2O1 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Carbohydrates Carbohydrates energy structure. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Carbohydrates The breakdown of sugars, such as glucose, supplies immediate energy for all cell activities. Living things store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates known as starches in plants glycogen in animals Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Carbohydrates Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates that are used by living things as a source of energy. Starch Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates that are used by living things as a source of energy. Starches form when sugars join together in a long chain. Glucose Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Carbohydrates Monosaccharides - single sugar molecules galactose (a component of milk) fructose (found in many fruits). Polysaccharides – large molecules formed from monosaccharides Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Lipids Lipids not soluble in water. made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms Stores large amounts of energy, found in membranes of cells and organelles, water proof coverings Fats, oils, waxes, steroids Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Lipids The term saturated fat fatty acids (chain of C and H) hooked to a glycerol (CHO) and contains the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms. (solid) The term unsaturated fat (liquid) have some double bonds between the carbons Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Figure 3.8C A fat molecule made from glycerol and three fatty acids.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids - macromolecules containing H, O, N, C, and P. Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids Nucleotides consist of three parts: a 5-carbon sugar a phosphate group a nitrogenous base Individual nucleotides can be joined by covalent bonds to form a polynucleotide, or nucleic acid. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information. The monomers that make up a nucleic acid are nucleotides. Each nucleotide has a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information. There are two kinds of nucleic acids, ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). RNA contains the sugar ribose. DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Proteins Proteins Proteins are macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Proteins are polymers of molecules called amino acids. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Proteins Amino acids are compounds with an amino group (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end. Amino acids are the monomers of proteins. All amino acids have an amino group at one end and a carboxyl group at the other end. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Proteins The portion of each amino acid that is different is a side chain called an R-group. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Proteins The instructions for arranging amino acids into many different proteins are stored in DNA. Protein Molecule Amino Acids Proteins help to carry out chemical reactions, transport small molecules in and out of cells, and fight diseases. Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids folded into complex structures. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Proteins Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Some proteins are used to form bones and muscles. Other proteins transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight disease. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Proteins Proteins can have up to four levels of organization: primary. 2. Secondary 3. Tertiary 4. quantenary Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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