RISE of Dictatorships

Josef Stalin 1917 Bolshevik Revolution - Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Russian Civil War (1918-1920) - Reds vs. Whites - 15 million die - Trotsky organized Red Army War Communism (1917-1922) - no private property & no money - didn’t work; couldn’t trade with other countries

New Economic Policy (NEP) 1922-1928 - allowed banks, small businesses, & farms Lenin dies (1924) - left letter warning against Stalin Stalin takes power (1927) - exiles Trotsky to Siberia

Dictatorships in Europe post WWI Totalitarian states: where the gov’t had total control of people’s lives people seen as servants of the state media-schools-literature-movies=used to promote government ideas Wanted to remodel society and conquer other lands Came into conflict with Western democracies

Italy Mad about Treaty of Versailles (land) Depression (1919) unemployed soldiers Benito Mussolini Working-class (initially Socialist) Journalist Fierce nationalist (moved right politically) Formed new political party in 1919=Fasci di Combattimento (Fascist Party)

Fascism Absolute power of the state Single-party system with a strong ruler Corporatism (state controls the economy, but defended private property & no unions) Extreme nationalism Violence and terror to control people/dissenters Militarism & Imperialism (believe great nations conquer weak ones)

Mussolini in Italy To landowners he promised to protect private property To workers he promised full employment and benefits To nationalists he promised to return Italy to former greatness (Roman Empire) Followers=“Blackshirts” (thugs and gangsters) 1922 March on Rome—Mussolini named PM

Mussolini the Dictator 1924 Blackshirts used force during election=no democracy=Fascist majority Majority Italians thought he was great—order and no communist revolution Built up Italian armed forces Sparked patriotism and nationalism Destiny=recapture glory of ancient Rome

What do you know? What do you already know about how Hitler came to power, his early life, his dictatorship? Take a moment to think and then we will discuss!

The Weimar Republic 1919-1933 Germany had democratic republic Many Germans thought Weimar leaders had betrayed them by accepting Treaty Told France they couldn’t pay $33 billion Fr troops marched in to Ruhr Valley 1923 Inflation (9 marks = 1 dollar in 1919) (25 billion marks = 1 dollar in 1923) Wiped out people savings

Adolf Hitler Born in Austria Joined German army in WWI Believed in “Stab in the Back” myth Worked as a spy for German government - National Socialist German Workers Party - quit job and joined party > became leader 1923 Beer Hall Putsch - arrested; wrote “Mein Kampf in prison”

Spain King Alfonso XIII (1902-1931) was in constant conflict with Spanish politicians. - He was anti-democratic. Miguel Primo de Rivera led a military coup in 1923. - Alfonso gave his support to Rivera's military dictatorship.

Rivera promised to eliminate corruption and to regenerate Spain. - He suspended the constitution, established martial law and imposed a strict system of censorship. He tried to reduce unemployment by spending money on public works. (caused inflation) - After losing support of the army, he was forced to resign in 1930. When the Spanish people voted overwhelmingly for a republic in 1931, Alfonso went into exile.

1936 Popular Front - left wing parties form government - reforms hurt wealthy aristocracy Spanish Civil War (1936 – 1939) - Falange; group of right wing parties - In 1936, army leaders, favoring a Fascist style government join General Francisco Franco in a revolt Hitler & Mussolini send troops, tanks, & planes to help Franco’s forces - called the Nationalists

Francisco Franco