THE REFORMATION World History Fall 2010

REFORMATION Movement for religious reform started by Martin Luther and his 95 Theses

MARTIN LUTHER Catholic Monk Indulgences 95 Theses Selling of pardons Buy way into Heaven Luther didn’t like this practice 95 Theses Formal statements challenging church practices Word spread throughout Germany, thus beginning the Reformation – printing press helped spread

MARTIN LUTHER’S IDEAS Salvation through God’s forgiveness. “Good works” were not needed for salvation – Salvation through faith alone All Church teachings should be based solely on the Bible; Pope & Church traditions were false authorities All people with faith were equal-did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them

PROBLEMS IN THE CHURCH SPENDING MONEY LOWER CLERGY Art, Pleasures, Wars LOWER CLERGY Cannot read (illiterate) Marrying, Gambling, Drinking RENAISSANCE SPREAD IDEAS Focus on individual, not church Secularism – focus on worldly matters instead of spiritual. Printing Press

DIET/EDICT OF WORMS Declared Luther a heretic & outlaw All his books were to be burned No one was to feed or shelter him Returned to Wittenberg a year later to witness the adoption of many of his ideals. No longer Catholic Reform, now separate religion called “Lutherans”

PROTESTANTS In 1529, German princes who remained loyal to the Pope, agreed to rise up against Luther Princes who supported Luther, signed an agreement protesting the uprising; thus coming to be known as “Protestants” Today, “Protestant” is commonly used to refer to Christians that belong to non-Catholic churches

PEACE OF AUGSBURG Holy Roman Emperor Charles V won battle against Protestant princes, but couldn’t force them back into the Catholic Church Met in Augsburg, Germany in 1555 & agreed that each prince would choose the religion for their respective states

REFORMATION IN ENGLAND Henry VIII, King of England, was a devout Catholic Needed a male heir, but had a daughter Mary, with wife Catherine of Aragon Wanted a divorce, but Pope refused, mainly as not to offend Catherine’s nephew Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor)

REFORMATION IN ENGLAND Henry called the “Reformation Parliament” into session ending the Pope’s power in England Parliament legalized his divorce & he married Anne Boleyn. 1534, Parliament approved the Act of Supremacy, making the king of England the official head of the church, not the pope

REFORMATION IN ENGLAND Henry closed all monasteries; seized wealth & lands, increasing his royal power and treasury Eventually beheaded Anne Boleyn and married four more times Third wife finally produced a son, Edward

HENRY’S HEIRS TO THRONE Edward rules for 6 years & Protestants gain power Mary restores Catholicism to England, returns rule of the church to the Pope, & kills many Protestants (Bloody Mary) Elizabeth rules next; restores Protestantism

ELIZABETHAN AGE Elizabeth I is Queen of England Reformation in England Sets up a national church, much like the one under Henry VIII. People were required to attend or pay fine Parliament declares Elizabeth head of the Church of England (aka) Anglican Church

ANGLICAN CHURCH Elizabeth sets up a state church that both moderate Catholics & moderate Protestants can attend Protestant priests could marry; Catholics kept golden crucifixes & rich robes Revised Book of Common Prayer

JOHN CALVIN Born in France Gave order to the faith Luther had begun Published Institutes of the Christian Religion expressing his beliefs about God, salvation, & human nature.

CALVINISM Men & women are sinful by nature Humans cannot earn salvation God has selected those saved already (“elect”) Predestination – God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved

CALVINISM SPREADS Official religion of Scotland Churches governed by a few elders or “presbyters” leading to Presbyterian In France, Calvin’s followers were Huguenots

PROTESTANT GROUPS Protestants believed the Bible was the source of all truth and all people should read it to discover those truths As people interpreted the Bible for themselves, new Protestant groups formed over differences in belief

CATHOLIC REFORMATION Ignatius of Loyola Wrote Spiritual Exercises, gained many followers Pope made Ignatius’s followers a religious order called Society of Jesus; more commonly called Jesuits

JESUIT’S THREE ACTIVITIES Founded superb schools throughout Europe Convert non-Christians to Catholicism by sending out missionaries Stop Protestantism from spreading Zeal prevented the spread of Protestantism in Poland & Southern Germany

COUNCIL OF TRENT – Roman Catholic Church Reform Church’s interpretation of Bible was final Faith & good works needed for salvation; not saved by faith alone as Luther argued Bible & Church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life Indulgences were valid expressions of faith

REFORMATION EFFECTS Protestant churches flourished; despite wars and persecutions Religion no longer united Europe As the Church’s power declined, monarchs & states gained power paving the way for modern nation-states Reformers successful revolt against Church authority laid the groundwork for a rejection of Christian belief that occurred in Western culture in later centuries