Chapter 1 Section 3 Luther Leads the Reformation Objective: Assess & summarize the causes & effects of the Protestant Reformation Vocabulary: Indulgence, Reformation, Lutheran, Protestant, Peace of Augsburg, Annul, & Anglican Describe a time when someone stood up & spoke out when they noticed something was wrong. What were they were standing up for & why? In the end, what happened?

Setting the Stage By the 10th century, the Roman Catholic Church had dominated religious life in Northern/Western Europe However, people still criticized its practices People believed the church was gaining too much wealth & political power What aspects of life did the church control? - Social, religious, & political.

Causes of the Reformation The Renaissance emphasis on the secular & the individual challenged Church authority Some rulers challenged the Church’s political power Spurred by social, political, & economic forces, a new movement for religious reform began in Germany Social = Printing press spread these secular idea. Political = Pope was considered a foreign ruler & challenged the authority of leaders Economic = Resented paying taxes to the church Religious = Some church leaders had become corrupt

Criticisms of the Catholic Church Critics of the Church claimed that its leaders were corrupt Popes who ruled during the Renaissance had patronized the arts, spent money on personal pleasure, & fought wars Lower clergy were uneducated & couldn’t teach people Priests broke their vows by marrying, drinking, or gambling People had come to expect higher standards of conduct from church leaders Give an example of someone you expect higher standards from & would be upset if they didn’t meet those standards. Pope Alexander Vi admitted that he had fathered several children People began stating that the Bible had more authority than the Church leaders did.

Luther Challenges the Church Martin Luther was a monk & teacher who taught at the University of Wittenberg in Germany He wanted to be a good Christian, not lead a religious revolution In 1517, Luther decided to speak out against the church for selling indulgences (a pardon from sins) People believed they could buy their way into heaven Martin Luther’s parents wanted him to be lawyer, he went to school for a few years before turning to theology. Johann Tetzel was raising money to build St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome, & was selling indulgences. Sinner didn’t have to perform the penalty imposed for their sins.

The 95 Theses Luther wrote 95 Theses attacking “pardon-merchants” & stapled them to the church door Someone copied Luther’s words & took them to the printing press Quickly, Luther’s name became known all over Germany Luther’s actions began the Reformation (a movement for religious reform) Luther’s teaching rested on 3 main ideas People could only win salvation only by faith in God’s gift of forgiveness All Church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible All people with faith were equal What was the name of person who invented the printing press that allowed Luther’s words to be printed quickly & cheaply? Theses (Formal statements) He invited scholars to debate him.

The Response to Luther Luther was astonished how rapidly his ideas spread & attracted followers The pope began to realize Luther was a serious threat 1520, Pope Leo X threatened Luther with excommunication (banishment from the church) Luther burned the letter & was excommunicated Charles V supported the Pope Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Edict of Worms, which declared Luther an outlaw & a heretic Prince Frederick offered Luther food & shelter for over a year Church officials originally viewed Luther as a rebellious monk who needed to be put in his place. Luther suggested that Christians drive the pope from the Church by force. No one was able to give Luther food or shelter & all his books were to be burned

The Emperor’s Opposition 1522, Luther returned to Wittenberg Luther & his followers became a separate religious group called the Lutherans German princes’ saw Luther’s teachings as a way to assert their independence from Charles V Those who supported Luther became known as Protestants (a member of a Christian church founded on the principals of the Reformation) After a brutal war, Charles V & German princes’ signed the Peace of Augsburg (each ruler would decide their religion) When he returned he saw a lot of his ideas were being put to practice. Peasants revolted against their princes & began raiding monasteries, pillaging, & burning places Luther was horrified & urged German princes to show the peasants no mercy The peasants felt betrayed Charles V was victorious but failed to force them back to the Catholic church.

England Becomes Protestant When Henry VIII became king of England in 1509, he was a devout Catholic He was known as the “Defender of the Faith” Henry VIII & his wife Catherine of Aragon only had one daughter (Mary) but no son In 1527, Henry wanted a divorce but that was against church law Henry asked for the pope to annul (set aside) his marriage to Catherine of Aragon but he refused Why would Henry VIII want to annul his marriage? Henry VIII earned the title defender of the faith when he wrote a stinging attack on Luther’s ideas. Henry VIII’s father came to power at the end of a long civil war (war of the roses) & needed a male heir to keep the throne with the Tudors. (No woman at this point had successfully claimed the English throne). Catherine was 42 & he was convinced she couldn’t have any more kids Catherine’s nephew was the holy roman emperor Charles V.

Consequences of Henry’s Changes Henry VIII asked parliament to pass a set of laws that ended the Pope’s power in England, they were known as the Reformation Parliament Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy, making Henry the official head of England’s Church 1533, Henry married Anne Boleyn, however she only gave birth to a daughter, Elizabeth Eventually, she fell out favor with Henry VIII & he found her guilty of treason & had her executed Thomas More (Wrote Utopia) – refused to accept the terms of the act & remained a devout catholic, Henry had him arrested & imprisoned in the Tower of London & in 1535 he was executed.

Consequences of Henry’s Changes Henry married 6 times (2 he divorced, 2 he executed, 1 died of child birth complication, & 1 outlived him) Henry’s one son Edward with his 3rd wife became king but died 6 years later with no heir Henry’s daughter Mary became Queen & changed the church back to Catholic When Mary died without an heir, Elizabeth took the throne Elizabeth was protestant Jane Seymour Edward VI was 9 years old & always sick During his reign, his advisors introduced Protestant reforms Mary had many protestants executed.

Elizabeth Restores Protestantism Elizabeth I set up the Church of England or Anglican Church She tried to establish a state church that moderate Catholics & moderate Protestants might both accept Elizabeth brought a level of religious peace to England However, Catholics tried to overthrow Elizabeth with her cousin Mary Queen of Scots What do you think/know will end up happening to Mary Queen of Scots? Elizabeth faced several threats from her sister Mary’s ex-husband Philip II the Catholic king of Spain