Taxonomy 1 Naming and grouping organisms according to morphology and relationships

Aristotle was first to classify living things: 2 Aristotle was first to classify living things: Plants Animals herbs shrubs trees land air water

Grouped organisms into hierarchical categories 3 Carolus Linnaeus Grouped organisms into hierarchical categories Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Single organism type Species

Classification Taxa of Domestic Dog -an example- 4 Classification Taxa of Domestic Dog -an example- Wolf is Canis lupus

Classification Hierarchy Man Dog Wolf Nostoc Black-eyed susan Kingdom Animalia Eubacteria Plantae Phylum Chordata Cyanophycota Anthophyta Class Mammalia Cyanophyceae Dicotyledones Order Primates Carnivora Oscillatoriales Companulales Family Hominidae Canidae Nostochaceae Composita Genus Homo Canis Rudbeckia Species Homo sapiens Canis familiaries Canis lupis Nostoc commune Rudbeckia serotina Which two organisms are most closely related to each other? Which two organisms are least closely related to each other?

Binomial Nomenclature 5 Binomial Nomenclature “2-word naming system” Homo sapiens Linnaeus 2nd word: specific epithet, or descriptive 1st word: genus name Latin, Italicized, 1st word capitalized, 2nd word lowercase sapiens = “wise”

Other scientific names: Felis domesticus Escherichia coli Gorilla gorilla Magnolia grandiflora Gromphordorhina portentosa Chaos chaos

Why scientific names? Common names can be misleading and confusing!

Classifying organisms based on evolutionary history 6 Phylogeny Classifying organisms based on evolutionary history Relationships determined from fossil records, morphology, embryology, and biochemistry

Uses derived characters to determine evolutionary relationship 7 Cladistics Uses derived characters to determine evolutionary relationship Derived character: trait that evolved only in group under consideration If group is birds, then what would be the derived character? FEATHERS! b/c feathers are absent in all other animals, they must have evolved within bird group, not inherited from ancestor

Only groups branching above a derived character share that trait 8 Organisms that share derived characters probably shared common ancestor Cladogram = ancestry diagram Only groups branching above a derived character share that trait

Tree of Life for the Six Kingdoms 9 Tree of Life for the Six Kingdoms More complex organisms are at higher positions on tree!

10 Dichotomous Keys Series of paired statements that describe physical characteristics of different organisms. Aka CLASSIFICATION KEY

Six Kingdoms of Life Cell type Prokaryote or eukaryote Cell number Archae- bacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Animalia Cell type Prokaryote or eukaryote Cell number (uni- or multi-) Nutrition heterotroph or autotroph Examples

Six Kingdoms of Life Cell type Prokaryote or eukaryote Cell number Archae- bacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Animalia Cell type Prokaryote or eukaryote PROK. Cell number (uni- or multi) UNI- Nutrition heterotroph or autotroph BOTH Examples Extreme bacteria

Six Kingdoms of Life Cell type Prokaryote or eukaryote Cell number Archae- bacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Animalia Cell type Prokaryote or eukaryote PROK. Cell number (uni- or multi- UNI- Nutrition heterotroph or autotroph BOTH Examples Extreme bacteria E. coli, Staph

Six Kingdoms of Life Cell type Prokaryote or eukaryote Cell number Archae- bacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Animalia Cell type Prokaryote or eukaryote PROK. EUK. Cell number (uni- or multi-) UNI- BOTH Nutrition heterotroph or autotroph AUTO- Examples Extreme bacteria E. coli, Staph Amoeba, algae, seaweed

Six Kingdoms of Life Cell type Prokaryote or eukaryote Cell number Archae- bacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Animalia Cell type Prokaryote or eukaryote PROK. EUK. EUK- Cell number (uni- or multi-) UNI- BOTH Nutrition heterotroph or autotroph AUTO- HETERO Examples Extreme bacteria E. coli, Staph Amoeba, algae, seaweed Yeast, mold, ringworm

Vertebrates insects, worms,etc Six Kingdoms of Life Archae- bacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Animalia Cell type Prokaryote or eukaryote PROK. EUK. EUK- Cell number (uni- or multi-) UNI- BOTH MULTI Nutrition heterotroph or autotroph AUTO- HETERO Examples Extreme bacteria E. coli, Staph Amoeba, algae, seaweed Yeast, mold, ringworm Vertebrates insects, worms,etc