The Canadian Ministry (in order of precedence), December 2005 The Honourable Reginald B. Alcock President of the Treasury Board and Minister responsible for the Canadian Wheat Board The Honourable Geoff Regan, Fisheries and Oceans The Honourable Tony Valeri, Transport The Honourable David Pratt, National Defence The Honourable Jacques Saada, Democratic Reform The Honourable Irwin Cotler, Justice The Honourable Judy Sgro, Citizenship and Immigration The Honourable Hélène Chalifour Scherrer, Canadian Heritage The Honourable Ruben John Efford, Natural Resources The Honourable Liza Frulla, Social Development The Honourable Joseph McGuire Minister of Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency The Honourable Mauril Bélanger Deputy Leader of the Government in the House of Commons The Honourable M. Aileen Carroll, International Cooperation The Right Honourable Paul Martin, Prime Minister The Honourable Jacob Austin Leader of the Government in the Senate The Honourable David Anderson, Environment The Honourable Ralph E. Goodale, Finance The Honourable Anne McLellan, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Public Safety The Honourable Lucienne Robillard, Industry The Honourable Pierre S. Pettigrew, Health, Intergovernmental Affairs, and Official Languages The Honourable James Scott Peterson, Trade The Honourable Andrew Mitchell, Indian Affairs The Honourable Claudette Bradshaw, Labour and Minister responsible for Homelessness The Honourable Denis Coderre President of the Queen’s Privy Council for Canada The Honourable Rey D. Pagtakhan, Western Economic Diversification The Honourable John McCallum, Veterans Affairs The Honourable Stephen Owen, Public Works and Government Services The Honourable William Graham, Foreign Affairs The Honourable Stan Kazmierczak Keyes, National Revenue The Honourable Robert Speller, Agriculture The Honourable Giuseppe (Joseph) Volpe, Human Resources and Skills Development

The Canadian Ministry (in order of precedence), February 2006 The Honourable Peter Mackay, Foreign Affairs The Honourable Chuck Strahl, Agriculture The Honourable Diane Finley, Human Resources and Social Development The Honourable John Baird President of the Treasury Board The Honourable Loyola Hearn, Fisheries and Oceans The Honourable Lawrence Cannon, Transport The Honourable Gordon O’Connor, National Defence The Honourable Vic Toews, Justice The Honourable Monte Solberg, Citizenship and Immigration The Honourable Bev Oda, Canadian Heritage The Honourable Gary Lunn, Resources The Honourable Rob Nicholson Deputy Leader of the Government in the House of Commons The Honourable Josee Verner , International Cooperation The Right Honourable Stephen Harper, Prime Minister The Honourable Majority LeBreton Leader of the Government in the Senate The Honourable Rona Ambrose, Environment The Honourable Jim Flaherty, Finance The Honourable Stockwell Day, Public Safety The Honourable Maxime Bernier, Industry The Honourable Tony Clement, Health The Honourable David Emerson, Trade The Honourable Jim Prentice, Indian Affairs The Honourable Jean-Pierre Blackburn, Labour and Housing The Honourable Michael Chong President of the Queen’s Privy Council for Canada The Honourable Carole Skelton, Western Economic Diversification The Honourable Gregory Thompson, Veterans Affairs The Honourable Michael Fortier, Public Works and Government Services

The Political-Bureaucratic Interface Across the System Centralized and Diffuse Accountability Across Government (Cont’d) February 7th, 2006

The Centripetal Tendencies top-down responsiveness coherence centralized political accountability collective cabinet responsibility political control (vs. impartiality)

Centripetal Organizational Responses agents of central political control PM and Prime Minister’s Office Cabinet Treasury Board Minister of Finance

The Centre – The Political/Bureaucratic Interfaces PM/Cabinet and PCO Clerk of the Privy Council

The Centre – The Political/Bureaucratic Interfaces PM/Cabinet and PCO Clerk of the Privy Council

The Centre – The Political/Bureaucratic Interfaces PM/Cabinet and PCO Clerk of the Privy Council political-bureaucratic interface in other central agencies Minister of Finance and Department of Finance President of the Treasury Board (cabinet committee) and the Treasury Board Secretariat

The Political-Bureaucratic System Prime Minister, PMO, Min. Fin., TBP Political Level Bureaucratic Level Clerk of the Privy Council, PCO, TBS

The Political-Bureaucratic System Political Level Bureaucratic Level

Channels of Central Political Control outward at political level (then downward to bureaucratic level)

Channels of Central Political Control Prime Minister, PMO, Min.Finance, TBP Ministers Deputy Ministers

Channels of Central Political Control outward at political level (then downward to bureaucratic level) downward from political to bureaucratic level (then outward at bureaucratic level)

Channels of Central Political Control Prime Minister, PMO, Min.Finance, TBP Clerk of the Privy Council, PCO, TBS Deputy Ministers

Channels of Central Political Control outward at political level (then downward to bureaucratic level) downward from political to bureaucratic level (then outward at bureaucratic level) downward and outward from political level to bureaucratic level

Channels of Central Political Control Prime Minister, PMO, Min.Finance, TBP Deputy Ministers

Channels of Central Political Control outward at political level (then downward to bureaucratic level) downward from political to bureaucratic level (then outward at bureaucratic level) downward and outward from political level to bureaucratic level

Channels of Central Political Control Prime Minister, PMO, Min.Finance, TBP Ministers Clerk of the Privy Council, PCO, TBS Deputy Ministers

Channels of Bureaucratic Influence DM influence over Ministers from Minister through Cabinet to PM

Channels of Bureaucratic Influence Prime Minister, PMO, Min.Finance, TBP Ministers Deputy Ministers

Channels of Bureaucratic Influence DM influence over Ministers from Minister to Cabinet PCO influence over PM/Min. Finance/Treasury Board

Channels of Bureaucratic Influence DM influence over Ministers from Minister to Cabinet PCO influence over PM/Min. Finance/Treasury Board from PM/Min. Fin./Treasury Board to Ministers

Channels of Bureaucratic Influence Prime Minister, PMO, Min.Finance, TBP Ministers Clerk of the Privy Council, PCO, TBS

Channels of Bureaucratic Influence DM influence over Ministers from Minister to Cabinet PCO influence over PM/Min. Finance/Treasury Board from PM/Min. Fin./Treasury Board to Ministers PCO influence over DM’s

Channels of Bureaucratic Influence DM influence over Ministers from Minister to Cabinet PCO influence over PM/Min. Finance/Treasury Board from PM/Min. Fin./Treasury Board to Ministers PCO influence over DM’s -DM influence over ministers

Channels of Bureaucratic Influence Ministers Clerk of the Privy Council, PCO, TBS Deputy Ministers

Channels of Bureaucratic Influence DM influence over Ministers from Minister to Cabinet PCO influence over PM/Min. Finance/Treasury Board from PM/Min. Fin./Treasury Board to Ministers PCO influence over DM’s -DM influence over ministers

Channels of Bureaucratic Influence Prime Minister, PMO, Min.Finance, TBP Ministers Clerk of the Privy Council, PCO, TBS Deputy Ministers

Channels of Central Political Control Prime Minister, PMO, Min.Finance, TBP Ministers Clerk of the Privy Council, PCO, TBS Deputy Ministers

Channels of Bureaucratic Influence Prime Minister, PMO, Min.Finance, TBP Ministers Clerk of the Privy Council, PCO, TBS Deputy Ministers

The Political-Bureaucratic System Political Level Bureaucratic Level

Implications of the Organizational Structure various agencies (departments, agencies) which have radically different organizational purposes line departments -- provide services/programs central agencies – coordinate line departments potential for conflict inherent in structure central agency mandate for horizontal coordination reinforces centripetal tendencies line department resistance reinforces centrifugal tendencies these tendencies become institutionalized even if the circumstances/concerns which give rise to these tendencies fade, the tendencies may persist

Implications of the Organizational Structure centrifugal forces and centripetal forces exist at both bureaucratic and political levels creates complex mix of incentives for various actors creates potential for cross-level coalitions/alliances contrasts with bureaucratic vs. political dichotomy

Implications of the Organizational Structure political-bureaucratic interfaces exist at numerous sites PM/PMO and PCO central agency ministers and central agencies PM and DMs line departments ministers and DMs

Implications of the Organizational Structure political-bureaucratic interfaces exist at numerous sites creates potential for complex strategies of political control or bureaucratic influence

Implications of the Organizational Structure political-bureaucratic interfaces exist at numerous sites creates potential for complex strategies of political control or bureaucratic influence blockage of one line (political control or bureaucratic influence) does not mean that control/influence not exercised

Implications of the Organizational Structure political-bureaucratic interfaces exist at numerous sites creates potential for complex strategies of political control or bureaucratic influence blockage of one line (political control or bureaucratic influence) does not mean that control/influence not exercised more simplistic model highlighted democratic questions; reality is more complex

Implications of the Organizational Structure political-bureaucratic interfaces exist at numerous sites creates potential for complex strategies of political control or bureaucratic influence blockage of one line (political control or bureaucratic influence) does not mean that control/influence not exercised more simplistic model highlighted democratic questions; reality is more complex whether elected officials or public service officials dominate

Implications of the Organizational Structure political-bureaucratic interfaces exist at numerous sites creates potential for complex strategies of political control or bureaucratic influence blockage of one line (political control or bureaucratic influence) does not mean that control/influence not exercised more simplistic model highlighted democratic questions; reality is more complex whether elected officials or public service officials dominate whether the departments dominate or The Centre dominates

Channels of Bureaucratic Influence Ministers Deputy Ministers

The Political-Bureaucratic System Political Level Bureaucratic Level

Channels of Central Political Control Prime Minister, PMO, Min.Finance, TBP Ministers Clerk of the Privy Council, PCO, TBS Deputy Ministers

Channels of Bureaucratic Influence Prime Minister, PMO, Min.Finance, TBP Ministers Clerk of the Privy Council, PCO, TBS Deputy Ministers

The Political-Bureaucratic System Political Level Bureaucratic Level