Ar sugebėsime vaistais sustabdyti aterosklerozės vystymąsi?

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Ar sugebėsime vaistais sustabdyti aterosklerozės vystymąsi? Dr. Ramūnas Unikas KMU kardiologijos klinika

Mirčių priežastys pasaulyje 1990 2020 1 1 Išeminės širdies ligos Smegenų kraujagyslių ligos Apatinių kvėpavimo takų infekcijos Diarėjinės ligos Perinatalinės būklės Išeminės širdies ligos Smegenų kraujagyslių ligos Lėtinės obstrukcinės plaučių ligos Apatinių kvėpavimo takų infekcijos Trachėjos, bronchų, plaučių vėžys 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 11 10 16 Murray CJS, Lopez AD. The Global Burden of Disease. 1996

Aterosklerozės plokštelės vainikinėje arterijoje skerspjūvis

Griežtos AKS, Antiagregantai lipidų normos AKF inhibitoriai Didėjantis rizikos veiksnių skaičius Aterotrombozė Endotelio disfunkcija Metabolinis sindromas Restenozė Antiagregantai AKF inhibitoriai AT blokatoriai BAB KKB Statinai Endotelis NO Genų terapija Uždegimas Nauji stentai AVAJO SOKRATAS (469-399 m. pr. m. e.)

Amžius ir arterijų standumas Bramwell & Hill. Lancet 1922

Kraujagyslių senėjimas – kas tai? ● Arterijų standėjimas ● Kraujagyslių sienelių proteinų glikavimasis ● Endotelio disfunkcija ● Sumažėjusi NO produkcija, oksidacinis stresas ● Lokalus ir perivaskulinis uždegimas ● Kapiliarų tankio mažėjimas ir disfunkcija ● … Statinai, RAAS blokada, KKB, hipoglikeminiai vaistai, NO stimuliatoriai (nebivololis), antitrombocitinis gydymas RAAS – renino – angiotenzino – aldosterono sistema, KKB – kalcio kanalų blokatoriai, NO – azoto oksidas

Neišspręsti klausimai  Ankstyvas ir agresyvus rizikos veiksnių koregavimas (ir prehipertenzijos)  Renino – angiotenzino sistemos optimali inhibicija  Kraujospūdžio mažinimas ar audininiai poveikiai  Metabolinis sindromas  Vaistai ir naujai atsirandantis diabetas  Uždegimo slopinimas  Oksidacinio streso mažinimas

Metabolinio sindromo gydymas Gretutiniai rizikos veiksniai Kūno svorio mažinimas Fizinis aktyvumas Tiazidiniai diuretikai Nutukimas, rezistencija insulinui Metaboliniai rizikos veiksniai Aterogeninė dislipidemija Arterinė hipertenzija Hiperglikemija Didelis trombocitų aktyvumas Statinai Fibratai Ezetimibas Priešhiper- tenziniai vaistai Hipoglikeminiai vaistai Aspirinas Renino – angiotenzino – aldosterono sistemos slopinimas

Žasto ir kulkšnelio indekso ilgalaikė prognostinė vertė Išgyvenamumas Išgyvenamumas >0,90 0,66-0,90 0,50-0,65 <0,50 Metai Feringa et al., Arch Int Med 2006

Uždaviniai Vaistai? Aterosklerozės prevencija Aterosklerozės stabilizavimas Aterosklerozės komplikacijų (klinikinių įvykių) prevencija Vaistai?

≠ Aterosklerozės išreikštumas Širdies ir kraujagyslių Difuzinė aterosklerozė ir stabili ligos eiga, stabilioji krūtinės angina ir pan. Širdies ir kraujagyslių komplikacijų skaičius Maža plokštelė (25 proc. stenozė) ir mirtinas miokardo infarktas ≠

Įrodymais pagrįsta medicina – paremta plačiais randomizuotais tyrimais: 1. Esate BLOGAS gydytojas, jei ne visi Jūsų pacientai vartoja aspiriną. 2. Esate BLOGAS gydytojas, jei ne visi Jūsų pacientai po miokardo infarkto vartoja beta-blokatorius. 3. Esate LABAI BLOGAS GYDYTOJAS, jeigu ne VISI Jūsų pacientai (ligoniai ar sveiki) vartoja statiną.

preempcinė (ankstyva) predikcinė (numatanti) prospektyvinė 5P medicina: prevencinė preempcinė (ankstyva) predikcinė (numatanti) prospektyvinė personalizuota genomika, metabolomika, -omika rizikos įvertinimas molekuliniai tyrimai informacinės technologijos

Kam labiausiai reikalinga medikamentinė intervencija?  Jau turėję aterosklerozės komplikacijų  Turintys didelę aterosklerozės komplikacijų riziką  Sergantys ateroskleroze  Turintys didelę aterosklerozės atsiradimo riziką  …

Biomarkeriai – pirmosios širdies ir kraujagyslių komplikacijos ar mirties prediktoriai  3209 pacientai, Framingham’o tyrimas, 7,4 metai  10 biomarkerių: - uždegimas: didelio jautrumo CRB - neurohormoninė reguliacija: SNP, N-pro-PNP, aldosteronas, reninas - uždegimas ir trombozė: fibrinogenas - fibrinolizė, endotelio funkcija: PAI-1 - trombozė: D-dimerai - endotelio funkcija ir oksidacinis stresas: homocisteinas CRB – C reaktyvusis baltymas, SNP – smegenų natriurezinis peptidas, PNP – prieširdžių natriurezinis peptidas, PAI – plazminogeno aktyvatoriaus inhibitorius Wang T et al. NEJM 2006

personalizuota medicina Genomo siurprizai ir personalizuota medicina KIF6 geno polimorfizmas (Trp719Arg alelis) turi 44 proc. populiacijos susijęs su ankstyva IŠL, infarktu, bloga prognoze labai geras statinų poveikis 9p21 lokuso aberacijos ankstyva IŠL bloga glikemijos kontrolė KIF – baltymas kinezinas, IŠL – išeminė širdies liga Iakoubova OA, Tong CH, Rowland CM, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51:435-443 Assimes TL, et al. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17: 2320-2328

Kas yra “karšta” ar “pažeidžiama” plokštelė? (hot, vulnerable – angl.)  “Pažeidžiama”, “karšta” plokštelė – tokia, kuri linkusi plyšti ir sukelti arterijos trombozę  Plokštelės sandaros išsiaiškinimas (lipidinė šerdis, fibrozinis stogelis, uždegimo markeriai) padeda susieti anatomiją su patofiziologija  Tyrimai – magnetinis rezonansas, kompiuterinė tomografija, pozitronų emisijos tomografija

Vainikinių arterijų procedūros JAV PKI – perkutaninė koronarinė intervencija, AVAJO – aortos – vainikinių arterijų jungčių operacija

MTL cholesterolis, mmol/l Išeminių komplikacijų skaičius ir MTL cholesterolio lygis – tiesioginė koreliacija 10 y = 0.0599x - 3.3952 R2 = 0.9305 P=.0019 9 8 WOSCOPS-P 7 WOSCOPS-S 6 Išeminiai įvykiai (%) AFCAPS-P 5 AFCAPS-S 4 3 ASCOT-P 2 Clinical Events Correlate Directly With On-Treatment LDL‑Cholesterol Levels The regression line on this slide shows that coronary heart disease event rates in primary prevention trials of 4 to 5 years’ duration are directly proportional to on-treatment LDL-cholesterol levels. The event rate is predicted to approach zero at an LDL level of approximately 57 mg/dL. ASCOT-S 1 -1 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0 MTL cholesterolis, mmol/l P = placebas, S = statinas, MTL – mažo tankio lipidai Pagal O'Keefe et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 2142

TNT (lėtinė IŠL, 5 metai, tikslas – pasiekti MTL cholesterolį < 2,6 mmol/l) Didžiosios širdies ir Miokardo Insultai kraujagyslių komplikacijos infarktas p < 0,01 p = 0,004 p = 0,02 IŠL – išeminė širdies liga, MTL – mažo tankio lipidai Atorvastatinas 80 mg Atorvastatinas 10 mg Pitt B. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1483-84.

ASCOT tyrimo lipidų šaka (10300 pacientų, arterinė hipertenzija, bendrasis cholesterolis < 6,5 mmol/l, 3,3 metų, atorvastatino 10 mg arba placebas) Įvykiai p vertė Širdinė mirtis ir MI Insultas Širdies ir kraujagyslių komplikacijos ir procedūros Mirtis MI – miokardo infarktas Lancet 2003; 361: 1149 - 58

CARDS (cukrinis diabetas, 2840 pacientų, nepadidėjęs cholesterolis, bent vienas rizikos veiksnys, 4 metai) Mirtis, miokardo infarktas, nestabilioji krūtinės angina, revaskuliarizacija, insultai Visi įvykiai Insultai p = 0,001 Atorvastatinas 10 mg Placebas Lancet 2004; 364: 685 - 96

IDEAL: širdies ir kraujagyslių komplikacijos, agresyviai gydant statinais (20 mg simvastatino ar 80 mg atorvastatino, 8900 pacientų, persirgusių miokardo infarktu) Didžiosios širdies ir Miokardo Visos kraujagyslių komplikacijos infarktas komplikacijos p = 0,07 p = 0,02 p < 0,001 Atorvastatinas Simvastatinas JAMA 2005; 294: 2437 - 45

Statinai ir pirminė prevencija  9 metų tyrimas  200 000 tiriamųjų  45 proc. mirštamumo sumažėjimas, jei 90 proc. laiko vartojo statinus Shalev V, Chodick G, Silber H, et al. Continuation of statin treatment and all-cause mortality. Arch Intern Med 2009; 169:260-268.

Aterosklerozės proceso slopinimas ir regresija klinikiniuose tyrimuose

Angiografiniai statinų tyrimai 0.06 Gydymas Placebas PLAC I 0.05 REGRESS CCAIT 0.04 LCAS Progresavimas (spindžio mažėjimas) (mm per metus) PLAC I 0.03 MARS MAAS CCAIT 0.02 MARS REGRESS 0.01 LCAS MAAS 0.00 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 MTL cholesterolis (mg/dL) Curr Opin Lipidol 1997;8:354-361 MTL – mažo tankio lipidai

MTL-Ch ir ateromos tūrio pokytis IVUG tyrimuose 2 REVERSAL pravastatinas CAMELOT placebas 1.5 Ateromos tūrio pokytis (%) 1 ACTIVATE placebas Progresavimas 0.5 REVERSAL atorvastatinas A-Plus placebas 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 Whilst it is acknowledged that there are limitations in comparing data and results from different studies, this slide summarises the data from several IVUS studies and provides insight into the relationship between the LDL-C level achieved and PAV (Percent Atheroma Volume). The line of best-fit suggests there is a correlation between mean LDL-C achieved in the various studies and the progression rate for the most robust IVUS endpoint, PAV. This graph suggests that no apparent LDL-C threshold exists beyond which benefits of LDL-C reduction apply and that to achieve regression, lower is better. †ASTEROID and REVERSAL investigated active statin treatment; A-PLUS, ACTIVATE AND CAMELOT investigated non-statin therapies but included placebo arms in which a considerable proportion of patients received background statin therapy (62%, 80% and 84% respectively). ACTIVATE: ACAT Intravascular Atherosclerosis Treatment Evaluation1 A-Plus: Avasimibe and Progression of Lesions on UltraSound2 ASTEROID: A Study to Evaluate the Effect of Rosuvastatin On Intravascular Ultrasound-Derived Coronary Atheroma Burden3 CAMELOT: Comparison of Amlodipine vs Enalapril to Limit Occurrences of Thrombosis4 REVERSAL: Reversal of Atherosclerosis With Aggressive Lipid-Lowering5 References Nissen S, Tuzcu E, Brewer H, et al. Effect of ACAT inhibition on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 2006;354:1253-1263 Tardif J, Gregoire J, L'Allier P, et al. Effects of the acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor avasimibe on human atherosclerotic lesions. Circulation 2004;110:3372-3377 Nissen, S, Nicholls S et al. Effect of very high-intensity statin therapy on regression of coronary atherosclerosis. The ASTEROID trial. The ASTEROID trial. JAMA 2006;295 (13):1556-1565. Nissen S, Tuzcu E, Libby P et al., Effect of antihypertensive agents on cardiovascular events in patients with coronary disease and normal blood pressure: the CAMELOT study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;292:2217–2225 Nissen S. Tuzcu, E, Schoenhagen et al. Effect of intensive compared with moderate lipid-lowering therapy on progression of coronary atherosclerosis a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;291:1071–1080 -0.5 Vidut. MTL-Ch (mg/dL) Regresavimas ASTEROID rosuvastatinas -1 MTL - Ch – mažo tankio lipidų cholesterolis, IVUG – intravaskulinis ultragarsas 1 Nissen S et al. N Engl J Med 2006;354:1253-1263. 2 Tardif J et al. Circulation 2004;110:3372-3377. 3 Nissen S et al. JAMA 2006;295 (13):1556-1565 4 Nissen S et al. JAMA 2004;292: 2217–2225. 5 Nissen S et al. JAMA 2004; 291:1071–1080

ASAP: miego arterijų intimos ir medijos storio pokytis (tyrimas ultragarsu) pokytis, mm This graph shows the change (mm) in mean B-mode ultrasound measurement of carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) after 1 and 2 years of simvastatin or atorvastatin treatment. Compared with simvastatin 40 mg, treatment with atorvastatin 80 mg resulted in regression of carotid thickness at each time point1 1 metai 2 metai *P=0.00017 †P<0.001 Smilde TJ et al. Lancet. 2001;357:577-581. References 1. Smilde TJ, van Wissen S, Wollersheim H, et al. Effect of aggressive versus conventional lipid lowering on atherosclerosis progression in familial hypercholesterolaemia (ASAP): a prospective, randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet. 2001;357:577-581.

ARBITER: miego arterijų intimos ir medijos storio pokytis (tyrimas ultragarsu) pokytis, mm Following 12 months of treatment, patients receiving atorvastatin showed regression in B-mode ultrasound measurement of carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) compared with patients receiving pravastatin in whom stabilization or progression was observed (between-group difference, P=0.03).1 Taylor AJ et al. Circulation. 2002;106:2055-2060. References 1. Taylor AJ, Kent SM, Flaherty PJ, et al. ARBITER: Arterial Biology for the Investigation of the Treatment Effects of Reducing Cholesterol: a randomized trial comparing the effects of atorvastatin and pravastatin on carotid intima medial thickness. Circulation. 2002;106:2055-2060.

GAIN: plokštelės tūrio pokytis (tyrimas vainikinių arterijų ultragarsu) mm3 There was less plaque progression, as measured by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), with atorvastatin compared with usual care, 2.5% vs 11.8%, respectively1 Schartl M et al. Circulation. 2001;104:387-392. References 1. Schartl M, Bocksch W, Koschyk DH, et al. Use of intravascular ultrasound to compare effects of different strategies of lipid-lowering therapy on plaque volume and composition in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2001;104:387-392.

ESTABLISH: plokštelės tūrio pokytis (tyrimas vainikinių arterijų ultragarsu) MTL cholesterolio pokytis, proc. Ateromos tūrio pokytis, proc. Ateromos tūrio pokytis, mm3 8.7 4.2 -0.7 Plaque volume measured with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) was significantly reduced by 13.1% from baseline in the atorvastatin group (P<0.0001) and increased by 8.7% in the control group (P<0.028).1 Percent change in plaque volume correlated significantly with follow-up LDL-C levels (P<0.0011) and percent LDL-C reduction (P<0.0001).1 -41.7* -8.3 -13.1* Atorvastatinas 20 mg Įprastinis gydymas *P<0.0001 tarp grupių Okazaki S et al. Circulation. 2004:110:1061-1068. References 1. Okazaki S, Yokoyama T, Miyauchi K, et al. Early statin treatment in patients with acute coronary syndrome: demonstration of the beneficial effect on atherosclerotic lesions by serial volumetric intravascular ultrasound analysis during half a year after coronary event: the ESTABLISH Study. Circulation. 2004;110:1061-1068.

REVERSAL: ateromos tūrio pokytis proc. After 18 months of treatment, there was no significant change in TAV from baseline among patients receiving atorvastatin 80 mg (-0.4%; P=0.98), but there was significant progression from baseline among patients receiving pravastatin 40 mg (+2.7%; P=0.001). The change in TAV differed significantly between the two groups (P=0.02).1 Atorvastatin 80 mg halted progression of atherosclerosis.1 Pravastatinas 40 mg Atorvastatinas 80 mg *Progresavimas, lyginant su gydymo pradžia (P=0.001). †Nesikeitė (P=0.98). Nissen SE et al. JAMA. 2004;291:1071-1080. References 1. Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P, et al. Effect of intensive compared with moderate lipid-lowering therapy on progression of coronary atherosclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291:1071-1080.

Kvinaprilis gerina endotelio funkciją kvinaprilio 10 mg NS Lozartano 50 mg Miego atrerijos intimos-medijos storio pokytis % po 1 metų gydymo In post myocardial infarction patients, endothelial dysfunction, assessed by flow-mediated dilation (FMD), correlates with elevated levels of plasma inflammatory markers. Additionally, low dose quinapril improves endothelial function compared to enalapril, likely by reducing vascular inflammation as assessed by surrogate endpoint reductions in TNF-a and C-reactive protein. Study Design: Thirty two (32) patients were randomized to quinapril and 14 patients to enalapril who had impaired left ventricular function (ejection fraction (EF): 30–40%) following Q wave myocardial infarction and classified as NYHA class II/III. Patients were treated with low dose (10 mg/day) quinapril or enalapril (10 mg/day) and effects on FMD and inflammatory markers were evaluated after 8 and 12 weeks. Endothelial function of the brachial artery was investigated by means of a non-invasive FMD technique. Before treatment, in both groups FMD showed a low value (quinapril : 2.95% and enalapril: 3.3%), whereas TNF-a (quinapril: 31.65 pg/ml and enalapril: 29.5 pg/ml) and CRP (quinapril : 7.28 mg/ml and enalapril: 7.08 mg/ml) were elevated. In the quinapril group, but not in the enalapril group FMD increased significantly, (to 5.96%), whereas TNF-a (19.0 pg/ml) and CRP (to 3.91 mg/L) significantly decreased after 8 and 12 weeks of quinapril treatment. Tyrimas atliktas su lengva ar vidutine hipertenzija sergančiais pacientais, kurių vidutinis amžius 61 metai. Uchiyama-Tanaka Y, et al. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2005;28:111-116. Epub 2005 Mar

MORE Vidutinis plokštelės tūrio (PT) pokytis per 2 metus Pradinis PT <33,7 µl (mediana) Pradinis PT >33,7 µl (mediana) p<0,05 Agabiti-Rosei E. ESC Congress 1-5 Sept 2007

OLIVUS: olmesartano poveikis vainikinių arterijų aterosklerozei (IVUG) IVUG – intravaskulinis ultragarsas Hirohata A. TCT’2008

PERISCOPE: pioglitazonas stabdo vainikinių arterijų aterosklerozės progresavimą 543 pacientai, sergantys antrojo tipo cukriniu diabetu intravaskulinis ultragarsas pioglitazonas ar glimepridas 18 mėnesių 57th Annual Scientific Session of the American College of Cardiology’ 2008

Nebivololio antiproliferacinis veikimas Vainikinių arterijų lygiųjų raumenų proliferacijos slopinimas % 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 -10 -20 -30 *p < 0.05 nebivololis * * * karvedilolis * * Kontrolė metoprololis * * * propranololis * * Brehm et al; J Cardiovascul Pharmacol 36 (suppl 1), 401-403 (2000)

BCAPS tyrimas besimptomiams tiriamiesiems 36 mėn. skiriant labai mažą (25 mg/d) metoprololio CR/XL dozę, patikimai sumažinamas miego arterijos aterosklerozės progresavimas, lyginant su placebu.

β-blokatoriai stabdo vainikinių arterijų aterosklerozės progresavimą

PREVENT: amlodipino poveikis karotidinei aterosklerozei Placebas (n=185) 0.043 0.033 P=0.007 tarp grupių 0.023 Intimos - medijos storis (IMS) (mm) The PREVENT B-mode ultrasound measurements were conducted in a prespecified subgroup of 377 patients. In contrast to the findings from QCA in the coronary arteries, B-mode ultrasound measures of carotid IMT showed that in patients with documented heart disease, long-term therapy with amlodipine (Norvasc®) significantly retarded the progression of atherosclerosis compared with placebo. Measurements across 12 segments were obtained twice at baseline, at the end of 4-week titration, and at months 6, 12, 24, 30, and 36 (final visit). As shown, patients taking amlodipine showed no progression of carotid IMT, whereas patients on placebo continued to show significant progression (P=.007 between groups). 0.013 Norvasc (n=192) 0.003 -0.007 12 24 36 Mėnesiai N=27 478 Išeities vidutinis IMS=0.95 mm. Pitt et al. Circulation. 2000;102:1503-1510. Pitt B, Byington RP, Furberg CD, et al, for the PREVENT Investigators. Effect of amlodipine on the progression of atherosclerosis and the occurrence of clinical events. Circulation. 2000;102:1503-1510. SLIDE 75

Pacientai su padidėjusiu AKS NORMALISE: plokštelės tūrio pokytis (tyrimas vainikinių arterijų ultragarsu) Visi pacientai Pacientai su padidėjusiu AKS 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 P<.001 P=.02 P=.12 P<.001 Ateromos tūrio pokytis, proc. Ateromos tūrio pokytis, proc. This slide shows the IVUS results for the NORMALISE substudy. For the entire group of IVUS patients (n=274), the mean (SD) change in PAV was 0.5% (3.9%) for Norvasc, 0.8% (3.7%) for enalapril, and 1.3% (4.4%) for placebo. Paired analysis of each regimen compared with baseline revealed progression in the placebo group (P=.001), a trend toward progression in the enalapril group (P=.08), and no progression in the Norvasc group (P=.31). The between-group comparison did not show a significant difference between the amlodipine patients compared with the placebo patients (P=.12).5 In the subgroup with baseline BPs above the mean, a significant reduction in progression was observed in the Norvasc group compared with placebo: 0.2% versus 2.3% (P=.02).5 P=.08 P=.20 P=.31 P=.76 Placebas (n=95) Enalaprilis (n=88) Norvasc® (amlodipino besylatas) (n=91) Placebas (n=49) Enalaprilis (n=40) Norvasc (n=47) Adapted from Nissen et al, for the CAMELOT investigators. JAMA. 2004;292:2217-2226. 5. Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Libby P, et al, for the CAMELOT Investigators. Effect of antihypertensive agents on cardiovascular events in patients with coronary disease and normal blood pressure: the CAMELOT study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;292:2217-2226.

Pacientai su padidėjusiu AKS Ateromos tūrio pokytis, proc. NORMALISE: plokštelės progresavimas ir širdies ir kraujagyslių komplikacijos Pacientai su padidėjusiu AKS 29.6% rizikos sumažėjimas Norvasc® (amlodipino besylato) grupėje, lyginant su placebu (P=0.04) P<.001 5 10 15 20 25 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 24.1% P=.02 21.1% 17.4% Komplikacijos, proc. Ateromos tūrio pokytis, proc. This slide shows the clinical event rates and IVUS results for patients with systolic BP greater than or equal to the mean.5 P=.20 Norvasc Enalaprilis P=.76 Placebas 4 8 12 16 20 24 Placebas Enalaprilis Norvasc Mėnesiai Data on file, Pfizer Inc. Adapted from Nissen et al, for the CAMELOT investigators. JAMA. 2004;292:2217-2226. 5. Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Libby P, et al, for the CAMELOT Investigators. Effect of antihypertensive agents on cardiovascular events in patients with coronary disease and normal blood pressure: the CAMELOT study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;292:2217-2226.

KKB poveikis lipidų peroksidacijai in vitro * 40 30 % Lipidų peroksidacijos slopinimas KKB poveikyje (1.0 M) 20 In addition to the effects on NO, in vitro studies have shown amlodipine to be a potent antioxidant, inhibiting the oxidation of lipids. The membrane antioxidative effects of amlodipine were examined and compared with those of other CCBs (felodipine, verapamil, diltiazem). This study was performed by Mason and colleagues specifically to evaluate the ability of amlodipine to inhibit lipid oxidation in cell membranes that contained no calcium channels. The antioxidative properties of amlodipine were compared with those of the other agents by measuring the oxidation of phospholipids in the cell membrane into lipid peroxide (LOOH) by means of the cholesterol oxidase (CHOD)-iodide assay. Multiple measurements of control and drug-containing membrane samples were taken. As seen in this slide, amlodipine had very potent membrane antioxidant activity. This antioxidant activity was completely independent of calcium channel blockade. 10 Amlodipinas Felodipinas Verapamilis Diltiazemas *P<0.001 lyg. su kontrole. Mason et al. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1999;31:275-281. KKB – kalcio kanalų blokatoriai Mason RP, Walter MF, Trumbore MW, Olmstead EG Jr, Mason PE. Membrane antioxidant effects of the charged dihydropyridine calcium antagonist amlodipine. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1999;31:275-281.

Potencialūs amlodipino priešaterosklerozinio poveikio mechanizmai Endotelio ląstelių citoprotekcija Antioksidacinis aktyvumas Lygiųjų raumenų ląstelių modifikavimas LRL proliferacijos ir migracijos slopinimas LRL – lygiųjų raumenų ląstelės

Išvados 1. Derinant nemedikamentines ir medikamentines priemones, aterosklerozės gali būti išvengta, sustabdytas jos progresavimas ar net skatinama jos regresija. 2. Daugybė klinikinių tyrimų įrodė įvairių medikamentų aterosklerozės komplikacijų skaičių mažinantį veikimą. 3. Intensyviausias gydymas reikalingas turintiems didžiausią aterosklerozės komplikacijų ar jų pasikartojimo riziką.

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