American Pageant: Chapter 27 The Path of the Empire American Pageant: Chapter 27

Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis Written by Rev. Josiah Strong Anglos had a responsibility to “Civilize and Christianize” 7 “perils” Catholicism Mormonism Socialism Intemperance Wealth Urbanization Immigration

Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783 Alfred Thayer Mahan, 1890 Role of sea power and need for a strong navy occupy sites around world for refueling canal for quick access from Atlantic to Pacific Control of Sea = key to World Domination

“Big Sister” policy James Blaine 1880s Called for an alliance between U.S. and Latin America Open Latin American markets to American traders Important because it begins trend of inter-American assemblages.

Venezuela (1895-1899) Richard Olney (Sec. of State under Cleveland) warned Britain that invading Venezuela violated Monroe Doctrine (US calling the shots in Western Hemp.) Britain rejected claim but chose not to fight

Great Rapprochement 1898 Reconciliation between Great Britain and the U.S. Shared interests Britain worried about Germany and Russia Britain sided with U.S. during Spanish-American War

Imperialism in Hawaii in the 19th century 1840s – U.S. warned other countries to stay away 1887 – Pearl Harbor naval base established Americans in Hawaii wanted it annexed to relieve affects of tariff against Hawaiian sugar 1893- Queen Liliuokalani overthrown by minority white planters Grover Cleveland withdrew annexation treaty 1898 - Annexed (w help of provincial Gov. Dole) Would not become a state until 1959

Imperialism in Cuba Tariff of 1894 created hardships for Cuba Cuban rebel army revolted against Spanish rule Spanish were treating Cubans poorly 200,000-400,000 died in camps 1896- Congress recognized revolt of Cubans, but Cleveland did not, he would not answer Congress’ call for war US people are sympathetic to the cause of patriots fighting for freedom from an oppressor

YELLOW JOURNALISM

Yellow Journalism Sensationalized News Result of Competition William R. Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer USS Maine incident Feb 15th, 1898 ship exploded in harbor U.S. blamed Spain, Spain said it was internal Publications led to U.S. people calling for war “Remember the Maine!”

McKinley Declares War Spain already agreed to demands End camps Peace with Cuban rebels Declared war on April 11th, 1898 believing it was the people’s will BUT added the Teller Amend. Teller Amendment= Promised Cuban independence once Spain was defeated

Attack on Cuba Spanish – Admiral Cervera “Rough Riders” Organized by Teddy Roosevelt Volunteer cowboys and ex-athletes Spanish fleet destroyed July 3rd, 1898 Meanwhile General Nelson Miles takes over Puerto Rico War ends – August 12th, 1898 Most American deaths due to bad food, disease and unsanitary conditions

End of the War Peace Treaty= Guam and Puerto Rico to U.S. U.S buys the Philippines for $20 mil from Spain Problems with Expansion: William Jennings Bryan-anti imperialist groups Insular Cases, 1901 Constitution did not extend to Philippines and Puerto Rico US ignores Teller Amendment issues Platt Amendment, 1903= US has the right to interfere in Cuba & US given Navy bases

Philippines invaded Manila Bay by Commodore Dewey at onset of Spanish-American War (May, 1898) Invasion into P.I. not easy. US allies with Aguinaldo, Filipino revolutionary, against Spanish. In exchange, US would give P.I. independence First Philippine Commission Formed to investigate conditions and make recommendations on the Philippines Filipinos not ready for independence

Formal Proclamation of War? Feb 1899, Filipinos revolt against US presence Led by Emilio Aguinaldo President McKinley told reporters “that the insurgents had attacked Manila” and that Aguinaldo was an “outlaw bandit” U.S. never formally declared war but captured Aguinaldo in 1901. P.I. gains independence 1946

Chapter 28 begins here

Benevolent Assimilation Aguinaldo captured in 1901 “Little Brown Brothers” – William H. Taft “Benevolent assimilation” Improved roads, sanitation, health Economic ties School system

Open Door Policy - China Secretary of State – John Hay Stated all nations would allow trade and Chinese independence Italy accepted, Russia did not

Boxer Rebellion Patriotic Chinese rebellion against foreigners in 1900 Many nations came together to put rebellion down

Election of 1900 William McKinley William Jennings Bryan Republican Established gold standard Imperialism William Jennings Bryan Democrat Silver standard Cross of gold speech Anti – imperialism

Teddy Roosevelt Takes over when McKinley assassinated (1901)

“Big Stick” Diplomacy President as the supreme decision maker “Speak softly and carry a big stick”

Panama Canal Originally meant to go through Nicarauga Panama Revolution against Columbia Led by Bunau-Varilla Signed Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty US 10 mile around Panama region 1904-1914: $400 million

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine “Preventive Intervention” Fear of European intervention in Latin America U.S. would pay off debts to European countries to keep them out Negative relations with Latin America

Japanese in America Discrimination in California (mainly schools) “Gentleman’s Agreement” No discrimination against Japanese in U.S. No emigration of Japanese to U.S. Root-Takahira agreement Respecting of possessions