Ancient Rome: The Rise of Christianity World History

Entering a Time of Peace Under Julius Caesar, Rome went from Republic to a Dictatorship. Octavian changed his name to Augustus & became the first emperor of Rome. Rome became too powerful to be challenged and entered a time of peace in the empire, known as the Pax Romana or “Roman Peace.” Allowed ideas to spread across the world.

How Powerful Was Rome? 3 million square miles 80 million people 1 million residents in city of Rome.

The Rise of a New Religion In 63 BC, Rome took over Judea, the home of the Jewish religion. Judea was controlled by King Herod, a Jewish governor for Rome. After Herod’s death, fighting broke out among his sons. Rome sent troops to create peace in Judea.

The Birth of Christianity Judaism was tolerated by the Romans at first. First Monotheistic Religion: Only one supreme god. Jesus of Nazareth was born under the rule of Octavian (Augustus) Grew up preaching the idea of one true god Spread a message of peace, love, forgiveness. Many Jews believed that Jesus was the Messiah or Savior, from the Romans. Jesus was called Christ which means “savior” in Greek.

How do We Know About Jesus? Followers of Jesus wrote about the teachings and experiences that occurred during his life. These writings were called Gospels, meaning ‘good news’ Can be found in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The Old Testament is used by the Jewish faith which does not believe Jesus was the true Messiah.

Christianity Beliefs Jesus is Devine (godly/holy) viewed as son of God Monotheistic The belief in a trinity (God is 3 parts- God the Father; God the Son; God the Holy Spirit) Belief in Charity 10 Commandments Holy Book : Bible (Old & New Testament) Led by: Pope, Priest, Ministers, Preachers, pastors & clergy etc No official Language Several Major branches (Roman Catholic Church, Greek orthodox, Protestant, Baptist, Luthern, Presbyterian, Methodist, etc

Christianity –What was attraction/appeal to others 1. The Christian Message had much to offer to the Roman World Roman Religion was impersonal – existed for the good of the state Christianity was personal & offered salvation & eternal life to people Christianity gave meaning & purpose to their lives 2. Christianity seemed familiar It was viewed as similar to other religions offering immortality as the result of a sacrificial death of a savior – J 3. Christianity fulfilled the human need to belong Christians formed communities bound to one another offering help to the sick/poor

The Pros and Cons of Christianity Why did Christianity appeal to people? Embraced All people Promised life after death for ALL people. Appealed to poorer people (equal) who were not wealthy like Romans. Because of the Pax Romana, these ideas of Christianity were able to spread quickly through the empire.

Cons- of Christianity & Crucifixtion of Jesus The popularity of Jesus with the poor angered the Romans and the Jews. (You could die) Jesus was called the “Son of God” and a “King” Went against Roman Religious Beliefs (Angered the Gods) / Against the Emperor (angered the Emeror) Jews feared Jesus’s preaching would anger the Romans – didn’t want to be punished too Jewish leaders turned Jesus over to the Roman governor of Jerusalem, Pontius Pilate to be Crucified.

After the Apostles *Followers of Jesus became known as Christians. Much of what is known about Jesus comes from the writings of his Apostles. *Apostle means “One who travels”. Apostles traveled, spread Christian teachings, and wrote the Gospels of the Bible. Peter and Paul were two very influential Apostles.

The 12 Apostles

Roman Persecution of Jews and Christians Why did the Romans hate Christianity/Judaism? Monotheism vs. Polytheism- Roman Religion was polytheistic-It questioned their Gods/ The Emperor’s authority Christians/Jews didn’t recognize the emperors as Gods. Blamed for any problems in Roman society. Emperors such as Nero crucified and tortured Christians and Jews as traitors. Many Jews fled their homeland to escape- Known as the Jewish Diaspora- or “spreading out” Christians and Jews became Martyrs: Dying for their beliefs.

The Jews Strike Back 66 AD- Jews rebel against the Romans. 70 AD- Romans stormed Jerusalem and destroy their temple, leaving only the Western Wall a.k.a the “wailing wall”. 73 AD- Jews and Romans fight at the Battle of Masada. Over 500,000 Jews died in this battle, mostly of suicide. Today- The Western Wall is Jerusalem’s holiest shrine.

Jerusalem’s Western Wall

The Martyrdom of Peter Peter the Apostle traveled to Rome and was crucified upside down by Nero. Believed to be the first “Bishop” or Pope of the Christian Church. Today, all Popes are believed to be descendants of St. Peter. We now call this the “Catholic” church which means “Universal”.

St. Peter’s Basilica in Vatican City

The Vatican

The Tomb of Saint Peter

Christianity - Roman Rule: Diocletion Diocletion -was slow to become a persecutor, until a fire broke out in his palace at Nicomedia, which destroyed the entire city EXCEPT for the main Christian church. The enemies of the Christians accused them of having caused the fire Diocletian Agreed and this started his Persecution of the Christians Diocletian passed laws or Edicts to force people who lived in the Roman Empire to worship the ancient gods of the Romans.

Diocletion Continued The Edict of Diocletian persecuted Christians in the following ways: ordered the destruction of Christian scriptures The destruction of Christian places of worship prohibited Christians from assembling for worship The arrest of the Christian clergy The Edict demanded acts of sacrifice and homage to be paid to the Roman gods and goddesses Sentences of Torture and Death passed on Christians who refused to renounce the Christian Faith

Christianity Under Constantine In 312 AD, Constantine became Emperor of Rome. During Battle, he saw an image of a cross and won. 313 AD- Constantine issues the Edict of Milan making Christianity a legal religion in Rome. He converted to Christianity late in his life (1st Christian Emperor) To strengthen the religion he called the Council of Nicaea to establish the core beliefs of Christianity, leading to the Nicene Creed.

Finally Official In 380 AD, Emperor Theodosius declared Christianity the Offical Religion of the Roman Empire.