Selma How did people exercising their Freedom of Speech lead to change in Government policy? Evaluate this statement and indicate whether you agree with it or not and give a justification for doing so. “Exercising one’s Freedom of Speech is a patriotic action, even if it criticizes the government.”

Freedom of Religion

Freedom of Expression Right of every individual to hold opinions without interference “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting free exercise of…” 14th Amend. Due process clause protects religious freedoms from the state 1st & 14th guarantees forbid An establishment of religion Subjective interference of Gov’t in practice of religion Establishment clause in the First Amendment of the US Constitution that prohibits the establishment of religion by Congress.

Separation of Church & State Credo Dollar T. Jefferson “a wall of separation between church and state” b/c of establishment clause Gov’t is friendly to churches- Nearly all property and donation are free from gov’t taxation Nat. Anthem, currency, name God Most public officials take an oath of office in the name of God Crystal Cathedral (soon to be re-opened as the Christ Cathedral) Credo Dollar, Kenneth Copeland, Billy Graham, each worth more than $25 million

Religion and Education “Released time” programs allow public school students to attend religious classes/programs Engale v. Vitale, Court struck down prayer (even voluntary) on public school grounds Many similar cases have been decided citing 1st Amendment “the government maintain strict neutrality” in regards to religion Public schools cannot sponsor religious exercises Epperson v. Arkansas struck down law forbidding teaching of evolution Notre Dame tuition for the 2016-2017 school year is $14,850 Abington School District vs. Schempp no prayer to begin day in Pennslyvania schools, Stone v. Graham outlawed posting of 10 commandments in Kentucky

Clauses (Establishment & Expression) Prayer is allowed in legislative houses (Marsh v. Chambers) ruled history of prayer stretches to colonial times and legislatures are not as “susceptible to religious doctrine as students” Free exercise clause allows people to believe (or not believe) whatever they want to in matters of religion Does not give anyone the right to violate the law (Reynolds v. United States) “Only beliefs rooted in religion are protected by the free exercise clause” Reynolds held even though Mormons say you can have multiple wives, civil law forbade it.