PSYA1: Cognitive Psychology Memory The Cognitive Interview

Spot the Difference To Start… Try and spot 10 differences between the two pictures of interviews.

To Start… Answers Can you guess what today’s lesson is about? Write a learning objective you think might apply to today…

To KNOW & UNDERSTAND what a cognitive interview (CI) is. Lesson Objectives Thinking Ladder… To KNOW & UNDERSTAND what a cognitive interview (CI) is. To UNDERSTAND how a cognitive interview (CI) works. To APPLY research to explain why the cognitive interview (CI) is good. (A02 EVALUATION)

How will I know if I am learning? By the end of the lesson… Success Criteria How will I know if I am learning? By the end of the lesson… E Will be able to define the cognitive interview (CI). C Will be able to explain how the cognitive interview (CI) works. A Will be able to use research to evaluate the cognitive interview (CI).

Cognitive Interview Cognitive Interview This is a police technique for interviewing witnesses to a crime, which encourages them to recreate the original context in order to increase the accessibility of stored information.

Cognitive Interview Why is it important? Improving effectiveness of questioning witnesses in police interviews Apply findings of psychological findings to this area Fisher and Geiselman (1992) Reviewed memory literature – people remember things better if they are provided with retrieval cues. The technique they devised had 4 components.

2) REINSTATEMENT OF CONTEXT Cognitive Interview Cognitive Interview: 4 Stages Use page 62 to create a storyboard of the different stages of a cognitive interview. Leave space as we will be adding to it later! Be creative as you like – use pictures as a revision aid if you wish! 1) REPORT EVERYTHING 2) REINSTATEMENT OF CONTEXT 3) CHANGE ORDER 4) CHANGE PERSPECTIVE

Now it’s your turn… Murder in a Pub Cognitive Interview Now it’s your turn… Murder in a Pub https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v_QbTX2qS10

Now it’s your turn… Cognitive Interview Get into pairs, nominate one of you to be the interviewer, and one to be the eye witness. The interviewer must use the sheet to conduct two interviews based on the murder in the pub. Ask each question as it says on the sheet. You may use the voice recorder function on your mobiles to record the interview. Which interview elicited more (accurate) recall? How did the witness feel when they were being interviewed? Was there a difference? Why?

Example Questions Cognitive Interview Now revisit your storyboard and add in at least 1 example question for each of the stages in the interview. Tell me everything you can remember from start to finish in your own words….

Wright and Holliday (2007) Evaluation A03 Cognitive Interview Wright and Holliday investigated how age affects recall – the older the participant (75-95 years old), the less complete and less accurate the recall. However, when they used the cognitive interview technique, the older participants recalled significantly greater detail without giving any false information. How can we use this as an evaluation point? Write a conclusion and and PEEL paragraph

Evaluation A03 Cognitive Interview Milne and Bull (2002) Kohnken et al (1999) meta-analysis of 53 studies Found on average a 34% increase in amount of correct information generated in CI BUT Most of the sample were university students Milne and Bull (2002) Found that when they used a combination of “report everything” and “mental reinstatement”, participants’ recall was significantly higher. BUT Still in a laboratory - artificial

Individual Differences Cognitive Interview Evaluation A03 Individual Differences Mello and Fisher (1996) When CI and normal interview techniques were tested on both older adults’ (72 years) and younger adults’ (22 years) memory, CI was better for both. But was more significantly an advantage for the elderly.

Evaluation Evaluation A03 Cognitive Interview Different police forces use different aspects of the CI technique so it is difficult to evaluate its effectiveness fully The technique takes more time than is often available Techniques that limit the eyewitnesses account to the minimum are often preferred Demands are placed on the interviewer to ‘probe’ effectively The quantity and quality of CI training is an issue

Evaluation Evaluation A03 Cognitive Interview Although cognitive interviewing produces an increase in ‘false positives’ (recall of additional items), there is a bigger increase in the amount of correct information recalled compared to a standard interview The CI is valuable in reducing miscarriages of justice in countries where these are likely to occur (e.g. Brazil)

Pg 62 You need to research what is different between the CI and Enhanced Cognitive Interview