Review

Phonological analysis Be able to do a phonological analysis on a data set as we have in class and on the homework

Epenthesi What is it?

Epenthesi What is it? Adding a sound

Epenthesi What is it? Adding a sound What is transitional epenthesis?

Epenthesi What is it? What is transitional epenthesis? Adding a sound Adding a sound that is a natural transition between 2 consonants

Epenthesi Why epenthesize?

Epenthesi Why epenthesize? Break up odd or illicit cononant clusters Transition between consonants

Hiatus What is it?

Hiatus What is it? Two adjacent vowels in different syllables

Hiatus What is it? What is hiatus avoidance? Two adjacent vowels in different syllables What is hiatus avoidance?

Hiatus What is it? What is hiatus avoidance? Two adjacent vowels in different syllables What is hiatus avoidance? Breaking up hiatus With [r] or with glottal stop

Deletion Why does it happen?

Deletion Why does it happen? To eliminate consonant clusters

Deletion Why does it happen? What is the role of frequency? To eliminate consonant clusters What is the role of frequency?

Deletion Why does it happen? What is the role of frequency? To eliminate consonant clusters What is the role of frequency? Deletion happens more in highly frequent words

Syllables What evidence is there that they are real?

Syllables What evidence is there that they are real? They are used in poetry Phonological processes make reference to them The existence of syllabaries Blends respect the rime Language games manipulate the syllable

Syllables What are the parts of the syllable?

Syllables What are the parts of the syllable?

Syllables What is a maximal template?

Syllables What is a maximal template? How do deletion an epenthesis relate to it?

Syllables What is maximizing the onset?

Syllables What is maximizing the onset? Putting all C in the onset not the coda

Syllables What is maximizing the onset? What constrains maximization? Putting all C in the onset not the coda What constrains maximization?

Syllables What is maximizing the onset? What constrains maximization? Putting all C in the onset not the coda What constrains maximization? Must only allow consonant clusters permissible word initially

Syllables What is obligatory onset?

Syllables What is obligatory onset? A language that requires a C in the onset has it

Syllables What is obligatory onset? A language that requires a C in the onset has it How can in be different word initially?

Syllables What is obligatory onset? A language that requires a C in the onset has it How can in be different word initially? It’s often exceptional there

Syllables What factors were shown to influence syllabification in English in the slash division experiment?

Syllables What factors were shown to influence syllabification in English in the slash division experiment? How did those factors influence it? (See Marlett 5 slides)

Syllable weight What are heavy/closed and light/open syllables?

Syllable weight What are heavy/closed and light/open syllables? Heavy have C in coda or long vowel Light have no C and a short vowel

Syllable weight How does weight influence stress?

Syllable weight How does weight influence stress? Stress tends to fall on heavy syllables in many languages

Syllablic consonants What are they?

Syllablic consonants What are they? C that form the nucleus

Sonority What is it?

Sonority What is it? Degree of energy, openness of sound

Sonority What is it? How does it relate to syllable structure? Degree of energy, openness of sound How does it relate to syllable structure?

Sonority What is it? How does it relate to syllable structure? Degree of energy, openness of sound How does it relate to syllable structure? Most sonorous sounds are closest to the nucleus

Geminates How do you represent true vs. false geminates in CV phonology?

Geminates How do you represent true vs. false geminates in CV phonology?

Geminates How do you represent long vowels and complex consonants that are one unit in CV phonology?

Geminates How do you represent long vowels and complex consonants that are one unit in CV phonology?

Pitch How is it used in stress?

Pitch How is it used in stress? Stressed syllable tend to have higher pitch

Pitch How is it used in tone languages?

Pitch How is it used in tone languages? Tones on vowels change word meaning

Pitch How is it used in tone languages? How do we represent tone? Tones on vowels change word meaning How do we represent tone?

Pitch How is it used in tone languages? How do we represent tone? Tones on vowels change word meaning How do we represent tone? Adjacent identical tones Contour tones

Pitch How is it used in intonation languages? Changes in pitch range over phrases It gives nuance of meaning to phrase

Pitch What nuance of meaning? Yes/No question, tag questions, have rising tone at end Statements, commands, and non-yes/no questions have falling

Evidence Most typical Minimal Pair Distribution

Evidence Becoming more common Corpora Typology Sociolinguistic Experiments Brain scans Computer models

Formal phonology Assumes Discrete units Symbolic units Objects manipulated by rules in non-real space and time Knowledge of language is knowledge of units and formulas

Formal phonology Problem Speech is continuous not discrete Speech happens in real space and time Knowledge of language is knowledge of units and formulas

Stress What is it?

Stress What is it? Combination of duration, pitch, intensity

Stress Is it predictable?

Stress Is it predictable? In some languages, yes.

Linguistics as a science Is it predictable? In some languages, yes.