Chapter 7 Contemporary Patterns and Issues Understanding Race and Ethnic Relations 5th Edition This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2016

Learning Objectives To examine variables leading either to ethnic consciousness or ethnic revivals. To discuss ethnicity as a process with varying manifestations. To discuss current issues pertaining to immigration, illegal aliens, and bilingual education. To examine the varying concepts of multiculturalism and political correctness.

Ethnic Consciousness Phases of acculturation in political activities The Alien Phase When the political locus remains with the country of origin The Reactionary Phase When political organizations are formed to protect interests and fight discrimination The Acceptance Phase When a greater degree of cultural and structural discrimination is displayed

The Three Generation Hypothesis “The Law of the Return of the Third Generation” Marcus Hansen conceptualized a normal pattern of ethnic revival. The third generation, more secure in its U.S. identity, becomes interested in the ethnic heritage the second generation neglected in its efforts to overcome discrimination and marginality.

Transnationalism Transnationalism Refers to the sustained ties of persons, and networks, across national borders that result from international migration patterns and refugee flows Instead of a permanent move from one country to another, today’s immigrants retain intense, interconnected, even legitimized links than ever before.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2016 Social Capital Social Capital Refers to actual or virtual resources available to an individual group through a “durable network” of “institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition” Ethnic communities with strong social capital can offer help to new arrival in securing informal resources Less successful communities display a short-term commitment to their host country and are less able to provide their members with important services Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2016

Segmented Assimilation Hypothesis that suggests a variety of outcomes among, and even within, contemporary immigrant streams This hypothesis argues that one model does not fit all groups or even all members of any group Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2016

Segmented Assimilation Possible scenarios Positive scenario Groups that received favorably and possess high levels of human capital may quickly move up the socioeconomic ladder and integrate into the societal mainstream Second scenario Groups with limited resources unable to find stable employment to earn enough income to support their children’s education Third scenario Limited assimilation where immigrant parents support their children’s educational success but reinforce traditional cultural values and thus limit their acculturation into the American youth subculture Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2016

Naturalization Naturalization After five years of continuous legal residence in the U.S., immigrants are eligible to become naturalized citizens The longer the residence in the U.S., the higher the percentage of naturalized citizens. Those who arrived in the 1970’s have a higher percent of naturalized citizens than those who arrived in the 1980’s, who have a higher rate of naturalization than those who arrived in the 1990’s.

Ethnicity as a Social Process Ethnicity can be seen as a continuous variable rather than as an ascribed attribute with the two distinct categories of assimilation and pluralism. Group consciousness arises and crystallizes within work relationships, common residential areas, interests and lifestyles of working-class conditions.

Symbolic Ethnicity Symbolic Ethnicity An occasional means for native-born U.S. residents to reaffirm their cultural heritage. These activities sometimes are carryovers from the old country, but sometimes they are of U.S. origin, as with Kwanzaa.

Current Ethnic Issues Immigration Opposition to current immigration 9.1 million legal immigrants came to the U.S. between 1991-2000 Opposition to current immigration Results from concern about the ability of the U.S. to absorb so many immigrants, and foreigners being perceived as gaining political control Additional concerns about immigration focus on economics including jobs, wages and services

Table 7.1 Leading Suppliers of Immigrants to the U.S., 1820-2003 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2016

Table 7.2 Major Sources of Newcomers to the U.S., 1965-2003

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2016 Current Ethnic Issues Undocumented Aliens Results from concern about the ability of the U.S. to absorb so many immigrants, and foreigners being perceived as gaining political control Additional concerns about immigration focus on economics including jobs, wages and services Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2016

Current Ethnic Issues Taken from Parillo, Understanding Race and Ethnic Relations (2008), 168.

Bilingual Education Bilingual Education Teaching subjects in both English and the student’s native language Programs for limited-English-proficiency students (LEP) 3/4 receive English as a Second Language (ESL) instruction 1/4 have this instruction paired with native-language academic instruction, more commonly known as bilingual education

Bilingual Education English-Plus Program To promote integration of language minority students into the U.S. mainstream, as well as develop foreign language competency in native-born U.S. students to function in a global economy

Figure 7.5

The English Only Movement Opponents of bilingual education argue that the program encourages “ethnic tribalism”, fostering separation instead of a cohesive society. By 2004, 27 states had passed English-only legislation; 13 other states had rejected similar proposals. In 1996 the House of Representatives passed by a 259-169 vote a bill to make English the nation’s official language; the bill died however, when the Senate did not vote on the measure.

Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the Future Assuming that present demographic trends continue, the Census Bureau projects a dramatic change in the composition of U.S. society by the mid-21st century. By the mid-21st century 21% of the population will either be immigrants who arrived after 1991 or children of those immigrants

Figure 7.6

Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the Future By 2050 24% of the population will be Hispanic 15% of the population will be African American 8% of the population will be Asian 1% of the population will be Native American 50% of the population will be White

Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the Future