Discharges to the sea Sewage Name – Date

Discharges to the sea - Sewage Contents Sewage from ships Impacts of sewage The role of shipping 2 Photo credits: Weeks Bay NERRS website/ Green Award Foundation

Sewage from all ships: Black water: waste from toilets, and; Grey water: water from sinks, showers, galleys (kitchens), laundry and cleaning activities. Photo credits: ProSea

Additional waste streams: Large quantities of waste water from cruise and passenger vessels Waste from the livestock cargo, in most cases cows, sheep or goats Photo credits:ProSea/Vroon

Open oceans and coastal seas are different! Reason why sewage regulations are area dependent (distance to coast) Photo credits: Rovert Simmon, NASA GSFC Eartg Observatory, based on data provided by Watson Gregg, NASA GSFC

Impacts: - Oxygen depletion - Nutrient enrichment Impacts: - Oxygen depletion - Nutrient enrichment  can lead to ‘dead zones’ Photo credits: Weeks Bay NERRS website / NOAA

Biggest problems Discharge in enclosed sea areas (Meditteranean, Baltic Sea) Discharge in sea areas with: High water temperatures Low oxygen Little currents 7 Photo credits: Hellenic Centre of Marine Research 7

Additional issues Passenger, cruise vessels and livestock carriers produce large amounts of sewage Sewage may contain diseases/pathogens from human waste or chemicals from cleaning agents 8 Photo credits: Wallenius Wilhelmsen Logistics 8

Discharge of sewage at sea Regulations Discharge of sewage at sea Level of treatment > 12 n. miles 3 – 12 n. miles < 3 n. miles Comminuted and disinfected sewage Allowed Prohibited Treated sewage through an approved treatment plant Sewage stored in holding tanks Photo credits:Holland America Lines

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