Examples of lung-sounds analysis in 3 patients: one with pneumonia, one with interstitial pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and one with congestive heart failure.

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Examples of lung-sounds analysis in 3 patients: one with pneumonia, one with interstitial pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and one with congestive heart failure (CHF). Examples of lung-sounds analysis in 3 patients: one with pneumonia, one with interstitial pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and one with congestive heart failure (CHF). A, C, E: Crackle rate (crackles per breath) during 4 breathing maneuvers: 20-seconds of normal breathing (the first column on the left), and 3 sets of 20-seconds of deeper-than-normal breathing. The crackle rate is only shown at locations that had > 0.5 crackles per breath. To facilitate perception of the numerical information, the software generates a circle with a diameter proportional to the crackle rate. The term “unrelated crackles” is used to clarify that when a single crackle event is recorded by several microphones, it is only counted once. “Related crackles” are those that arise from one crackle but are heard at multiple microphones.10 B, D, and F: Crackle rates in the breathing maneuvers in the patients shown on the left. Andrey Vyshedskiy et al. Respir Care 2011;56:806-817 (c) 2012 by Daedalus Enterprises, Inc.