Volume 83, Issue 5, Pages 915-923 (May 2013) Gastrointestinal factors contribute to glucometabolic disturbances in nondiabetic patients with end-stage renal disease  Thomas Idorn, Filip K Knop, Morten Jørgensen, Jens J Holst, Mads Hornum, Bo Feldt-Rasmussen  Kidney International  Volume 83, Issue 5, Pages 915-923 (May 2013) DOI: 10.1038/ki.2012.460 Copyright © 2013 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Glucose and insulin. Plasma glucose (a, b, and c) and insulin concentrations (d, e, and f) in control subjects (a and d), patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and normal glucose tolerance (b and e), and in patients with ESRD and impaired glucose tolerance (c and f), during 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (filled symbols) and isoglycemic intravenous glucose infusion (open symbols). Data are mean±s.e.m. Asterisks (*) indicate significant (P<0.05) differences at individual time points, and arrows (↓) indicate time of initiation of oral glucose ingestion. Kidney International 2013 83, 915-923DOI: (10.1038/ki.2012.460) Copyright © 2013 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Glucose consumption and gastrointestinal-mediated glucose disposal (GIGD). Glucose consumption during 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (shaded bars), and isoglycemic intravenous glucose infusion (dark bars) (a) and GIGD (b), in healthy control subjects (CTRL), patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and normal glucose tolerance (NGT), and in patients with ESRD and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Data are mean±s.e.m. *P<0.05, ***P<0.001; NS, nonsignificant. Kidney International 2013 83, 915-923DOI: (10.1038/ki.2012.460) Copyright © 2013 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Incretin effect. Incretin effect in healthy control subjects (CTRL), patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and normal glucose tolerance (NGT), and patients with ESRD and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Data are mean±s.e.m. *P<0.05; NS, nonsignificant. Kidney International 2013 83, 915-923DOI: (10.1038/ki.2012.460) Copyright © 2013 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Total glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Plasma total GLP-1 responses during oral glucose tolerance test (filled symbols) and isoglycemic intravenous glucose infusion (open symbols) in healthy control subjects (a) and in patients with end-stage renal disease and normal glucose tolerance (b) or impaired glucose tolerance (c). Data are mean±s.e.m. Asterisks (*) indicate significant (P<0.05) differences at individual time points and arrows (↓) indicate time of initiation of oral glucose ingestion. Kidney International 2013 83, 915-923DOI: (10.1038/ki.2012.460) Copyright © 2013 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Total glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Plasma total GIP responses during oral glucose tolerance test (filled symbols) and isoglycemic intravenous glucose infusion (open symbols) in healthy control subjects (a) and in patients with end-stage renal disease and normal glucose tolerance (b) or impaired glucose tolerance (c). Data are mean±s.e.m. Asterisks (*) indicate significant (P<0.05) differences at individual time points, and arrows (↓) indicate time of initiation of oral glucose ingestion. Kidney International 2013 83, 915-923DOI: (10.1038/ki.2012.460) Copyright © 2013 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 Glucagon. Glucagon responses during oral glucose tolerance test (filled symbols) and isoglycemic intravenous glucose infusion (open symbols) in control subjects (a and d) and in patients with end-stage renal disease and normal glucose tolerance (b and e) or impaired glucose tolerance (c and f). Illustrated as absolute responses (a–c) and relative responses (% of baseline) (d–f). Data are mean±s.e.m. Asterisks (*) indicate significant (P<0.05) differences at individual time points, and arrows (↓) indicate time of initiation of oral glucose ingestion. Kidney International 2013 83, 915-923DOI: (10.1038/ki.2012.460) Copyright © 2013 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions