325634564564 Sensitivity of reaction dynamics by analysis of kinetic energy spectra of emitted light particles and formation of evaporation residue nuclei G. Giardinaa, G. Mandagliob,c, A.K. Nasirovd,e, A. Anastasia,f, F. Curciarellof, G. Fazioa aDipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra, University of Messina, Messina, Italy bDipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Messina, Italy cINFN Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy dJINR - Bogoliubov Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Dubna, Russia eNational University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan f INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy 1

OUTLINE 325634564564 Kinds of processes in heavy-ion reactions leading to fragments and evaporation residues Ambiguities and reliability of experimental procedures of extracting data of excitation functions Role and sensitivity of ingredients characterizing the theoretical approaches and consequently of the calculated results Comparison and discussion about results obtained in very mass- asymmetric and almost mass-symmetric reactions leading to the same compound nucleus Conclusions 1

Scheme of processes during nuclear reaction 325634564564 Scheme of processes during nuclear reaction We have to consider only dissipative and full momentum transfer reactions 1

325634564564 Complete Fusion 1

Fusion probability PCN 325634564564 Fusion probability PCN branching ratio between complete fusion to quasifission, or hindrance factor to complete fusion 1

Calculation of the complete fusion probability PCN 325634564564 Calculation of the complete fusion probability PCN Ref. [39]: V. Zagrebaev and W. Greiner, Phys. Rev. C 78, 034610 (2008). 1

325634564564 W. Loveland http://arxiv.org/abs/1207.2095 1

Fast fission with f≤  ≤ d where for  > f , Bf = 0 325634564564 Fast fission with f≤  ≤ d where for  > f , Bf = 0 1

325634564564 200Pb 1

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325634564564 Evaporation Residues (for the xth step of the de-excitation cascade of CN, where ) excitation energy of DNS excitation energy of CN 1

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25,26Mg+248Cm 273,274Hs Capture, Fusion, Quasifission 325634564564 25,26Mg+248Cm 273,274Hs Capture, Fusion, Quasifission 1

arXiv:1403.4322v 1 PCN is known to be 1.0 (no quasifission) 325634564564  arXiv:1403.4322v 1 PCN is known to be 1.0 (no quasifission) for this system [7–9] leading to an unambiguous relation between the observed neutron multiplicity and Wsur. Decay of the completely fused system by charged particle emission is neglected. 1

Fusion probability PCN 325634564564 Fusion probability PCN 1

25,26Mg+248Cm 273,274Hs Evaporation residues 325634564564 25,26Mg+248Cm 273,274Hs Evaporation residues 1

325634564564 25,26Mg+248Cm 273,274Hs (n / total) n / tot (274Hs, E*CN=80 MeV) = 1.5 x 10 -1 MeV n / tot (273Hs, E* = 70 MeV) = 3.9 x 10 -2 MeV n / tot (272Hs, E* = 60 MeV) = 1.3 x 10 -2 MeV n / tot (271Hs, E* = 50 MeV) = 9.5 x 10 -3 MeV n / tot (270Hs, E* = 45 MeV) = 1.8 x 10 -4 MeV n / tot (273Hs, E*CN = 70 MeV) = 7.0 x 10 -2 MeV n / tot (272Hs, E* = 60 MeV) = 2.3 x 10 -2 MeV n / tot (271Hs, E* = 50 MeV) = 1.0 x 10 -3 MeV n / tot (270Hs, E* = 45 MeV) = 3.0 x 10 -4 MeV 1

325634564564 25,26Mg+248Cm 273,274Hs (n / fiss ) fiss ~ tot 1

325634564564 Reaction leading to 220Th (b) (a) 1

Reaction leading to 274Hs (108) 325634564564 Reaction leading to 274Hs (108) (b) (a) 1

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82Se+138Ba 220Th 5n 4n 4 6n+7n 3n 2n+2n 4n+5n 1n+1n 6n+7n p4n 325634564564 82Se+138Ba 220Th 5n 4n 4 6n+7n 3n 2n+2n 4n+5n 1n+1n 6n+7n p4n p6n+p7n p3n p5n 1

325634564564 Conclusions Any nuclear reaction between heavy ions occurs and evolves through various modes that depend on specific intrinsic properties of colliding nuclei, but also by various processes that can be involved and that characterize the reaction dynamics to the formation of reaction products. Some kinds of reactions leading to heavy and superheavy nuclei will be presented and analyzed, and the influences resulting from the assumptions made during the experimental and theoretical procedures on the formation of the final reaction products will discussed. It is therefore necessary to use refined procedures in experimental analysis and theoretical calculation in order to obtain reliable results. For this purpose, it would be useful to present experimental and theoretical results by showing variations that they undergo when assumption made to simplify the analysis and calculation are varied or even released. 1

325634564564 Conclusions 4) It is important to compare and critically discuss the results obtained for the mass asymmetric reactions and for those more mass symmetric ones to better understand the role determined by the specific conditions that characterize the various nuclear reactions. 5)It is a problematic task at present time to measure ER cross sections of SHE with Z=120, and it is impossible by reaction with z paramenter higher than about 240. Then, mass symmetryc reactions with z > 240, as for example 136Xe+136Xe reaction (where z = 284), cannot form ER nuclei because that reaction does not give an useful fusion cross section. Since heaviest targets are limited to isotopes of Cm and Cf, the use of heavier projectiles, like Ti and Cr nuclei, is the way to reach superheavy elements Z higher than 120, but ER becomes about 1 fb or lower. Consequently, the synthesis of SHE with Z > 120 comes to serious limits connected with the experimental possibilities. Such limits are also connected mainly with the role of the intense repulsive Coulomb and centrifugal forces between the reactant nuclei. 1

325634564564 SPARES 1

325634564564 24Mg+248Cm 1

325634564564 34S+238U 1

325634564564 PCN ( 24Mg+248Cm , 34S+238U ) 1

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(48Ca+249Bk for the synthesis of the 297117 element) 325634564564 (48Ca+249Bk for the synthesis of the 297117 element) 1

325634564564 Anisotropy of fission fragment angular distribution and variance k02 of k distribution 1

< 2> distribution 325634564564 < 2> distribution 1

Angular anisotropy and variance k02 325634564564 Angular anisotropy and variance k02 1

Comparison with experimental data 325634564564 Comparison with experimental data 1

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325634564564 Large nucleon number transfer investigation in quasifission process by very massive nucleus reactions: W. Loveland, A.M Vinodkumar et al., 1

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325634564564 Ca+Bk Cr+Cf Fe+Cf Ni+Cf Cr+Cm 1

325634564564 64Ni 1