Air Pollution in Europe 1990-2000 Prepared by: S. Larssen, NILU Martin Adams, AEAT Kevin Barrett, NILU Martin vh. Bolscher, TNO Frank de Leeuw, RIVM Tinus Pulles, TNO Project Manager: Roel van Aalst, EEA 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 1

The EEA Support framework for policy development D Drivers P Pressures S State I Impact R Response 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 2

EEA Core Indicators Main objectives Suited to support the policy making process Facilitate a consistent and stable information basis Provide clear guidance to countries on data collection Simplify wider international cooperation/ comparisons 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 3

Present EEA indicators, Air pollution Emissions (Pressure) Acidifying: SO2, NOx, NH3 Particles and precursor gases Ozone precursors: NOx, VOC etc. Air quality (State) Area of exceedance, critical loads: acidity and nitrogen Exceedance of limit & target values O3, PM10, NO2, SO2 ,…. Exposure of crops/ vegetation to ozone http://themes.eea.eu.int/all_indicators_box 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 4

Present EEA indicators, Air pollution Econ. Sectors (Drivers) Contribution from economic sectors Eco-efficiency of economic sectors Impact Population exposure 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 5

How are driving forces developing? Population in Europe increases slowly (2.5% since 1990) Fossil fuels dominate – shift to lighter fuels Transport, then industry, are the largest energy-consuming sector Energy consumption for road traffic increases (18% since 1990, EU15) Energy efficiency inproves (10% since 1990, EU15) but consumption still increases (10% since 1990, EU15) 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 6

Energy consumption by fuel 1990-2000, EU15 Transport sector grows Gaseous fuels (also nuclear) replaces coal Renewables: 5%, increasing 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 7

Energy consumption and efficiency increases 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 8

How much are emissions being reduced 1990-2000? EEA 31 Acidifying gases: - 40% Ozone precursors: - 29% Particulate matter: -34% (primary + precursors) Controls: - power plant: improved emission cleaning fuel switching - vehicles: 3-way catalysts Some countries are lagging behind in emission reductions (NECD requirements) 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 9

Emission contributions from economic sectors to Air Pollution issues, 2000 EEA-18 countries 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 10

Emission contributions from economic sectors to Air Pollution issues, 2000 AC-13 countries 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 11

Sector and compound contributions EEA-18 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 12

Example: Ozone precursors EU15 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 13

Example: Ozone precursors AC10 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 14

How is European Air Quality developing? Health-related In 2000: Extensive exceedance of PM10, Ozone and NO2 target/limit values for 2005/2010 Cities with totally up to 30 mill people have exceedances at monitoring stations PM10 and NO2 have decreased over the last 4-5 years Ozone - annual average is increasing - 26th highest daily 8-hour is stable - max 1-hour conc. are decreasing 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 15

Concentration tendencies towards 2000 SO2-max4:4th highest daily average SO2 concentration PM10-max36:36th highest daily average SO2 concentration NO2-max19:19th highest hourly average NO2 concentration O3-max26:26th highest daily 8-hour max O3 concentration 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 16

Ozone, Rural background, 2000 Widespread exceedance of 2005 Target Value (short term) in Central and Southern Europe Highest 26th 8-hour concentration: 174 µg(m3) 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 17

Ozone, 2000 Urban background Lower concentrations than in rural areas (most placed) Exceedances of TV in 135 cities/towns with 18.5 mill. inhabitants 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 18

Ozone tendencies (1996-2000) Annual average increases slightly ”26th 8-hour” is stable Max. 1-hour concentrations are decreasing 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 19

Ozone, 1-hour max at rural stations 1990-2000 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 20

PM10 2000 Urban background Above LV in 42 cities in 11 countries South, Central and Eastern Europe 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 21

PM10 2000 Hot-spot stations Above LV in 52 cities in 13 countries All parts of Europe 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 22

PM10 tendencies 1997-2000 About 190 stations in 6 countries with complete data set BE, CZ, NL, CH, UK, ES Decreasing, then stable concentration level 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 23

Conclusions on state of PM10, 2001 Data from 928 stations (97 / 417 / 293 / 77) 750 cities and towns Methods: Beta 40% ; Gravi 20% ; TEOM 20% ; nondef 20% Limit value exceedances at 34% of the stations Limit value exceedances in cities with total 30 mill people Average annual concentrations Rural 20.6 µg/m3 Urban 25.2 µg/m3 Traffic 32.1 µg/m3 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 24

From 89 traffic/urban station pairs: 35% higher concentration at traffic stations Up to 90% higher Regional differences Rural background higher in some accession countries and in NL, BE and NW DE Urban concentrations highest in Southern/Eastern Europe? The indicative LV for 2010 was exceeded at most stations in cities and at about 50% at the rural sites. Significant uncertainty in such summary assessments due to Representativeness of stations Different monitoring methods 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 25

PM10 2001 Map PM10 Rural stations Annual average Note: different methods, no corrections (also following maps) 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 26

PM10 2001 Map PM10 Rural stations ”Max 36” 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 27

PM10 2001 Map Urban background ”Max 36” 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 28

PM10 2001 Map PM 10 Hot spot ”Max 36” 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 29

”Population exposure” to PM10 Population in cities according to concentration range, ”max 36” 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 30

Conclusions on PM10 past tendencies Time series are too short (1997-2001) to conclude statistically on trend Only 6 countries have a significant amount of stations reporting data since 1997 (UK, NL, BE, CZ, CH, ES) The tendency is towards lower concentrations (15-20%) but the tendency is not monotonic The upward tendency since 1999 is to a large extent guided by the tendency in the Czech Republic. 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 31

The tendency, and absolute amount of reduction, is on the average, about the same for rural, urban and hot-spot areas Much of the downward tendency can be explained by reductions in rural concentrations of secondary inorganic particles (SO4, NO3, ....) 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 32

PM10 concentration tendencies 1997-2001 Annual average 183 stations 36th highest day 193 stations 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 33

PM10 trends 1997-2001 Location of stations with >4 years with data Mainly UK, NL, BE, CH, CZ, ES 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 34

PM10 correction factors on AirBase data Belgium: No corrections till 2001 (included) 1.37/1.47 from 2002 onwards Germany: All PM10 data are in principle corrected PM10 data Netherlands: 1.33 for all station years Czech Republic: No correction applied United Kingdom: France: Spain: 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 35

PM Rural tendencies 1997-2001 Country averages 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 µg/m 3 CH(6) CZ(19) UK(3) NL(7) DE(8) ES(5) CH: PM10 DE: PM10 from 1999 onwards 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 36

PM10 Rural tendencies Secondary inorganic particles (SO4) (EMEP data) Rough estimate of reduction of sulfate and nitrate particles 1997-2000: Source: EMEP-CCC ~ 5 µg/m3 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 37

PM10 Urban tendencies 1997-2001 Urban background, 36th highest day, country averages 0,00 10,00 20,00 30,00 40,00 50,00 60,00 70,00 80,00 90,00 100,00 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 BE(3) CH(4) CZ(29) UK(29) NL(5) PL(4) SE(2) 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 38

NO2 2000 Urban background Annual average Above LV in 31 cities in 6 Western Europe countries 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 39

NO2 2000 Hot-spots 19th highest hour Above LV in 17 cities mostly in Southern Europe (8 countries) 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 40

NO2 tendencies 1996-2000 Steady downward tendency Larger reduction at urban than at rural background stations 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 41

Station types Rural-urban- hotspot difference Annual average 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 42

Station types Rural-urban- hotspot difference Short-term LV/TV 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 43

Distance-to- target 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 44

Population exposed to pollutants in cities PM10-24h NO2-annual Ozone-8h 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 45

How is European Air Quality developing? Ecosystems related Acidifying depositions is significantly reduced, but still above critical loads in central and north-west Europe Eutrophying depositions above critical load is more widespread The AOT 40 target value for ozone is exceeded in about 20% of arable land in Europe which is covered by monitoring stations 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 46

Reduction in observed Sulphur deposition from 1990/92 to 1998/2000 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 47

Observed rates of Nitrogen wet deposition, 1990-2000 Weighted annual deposition rate across 36 stations in 15 countries 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 48

Ecosystems protection from acidification, 2000 Percent of ecosystems in EMEP grids protected, i.e. not exceeding critical load Source: EMEP MSC-W WGE/CCE 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 49

Ecosystems protected from eutrophication Percent of ecosystems in EMEP grids protected, i.e. not exceeding critical load Source: EMEP MSC-W WGE/CCE 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 50

Exposure of agricultural crops to Ozone AOT40 has been increasing since 1997 About 50% of arable Land represented by monitoring stations About 40% of this part has AOT40 above Target Value, in 2000 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 51

How are policy measures working? Abatement measures prompted by EU legislation and CLRTAP agreements have had a substantial effect Main abatement measures EU legislation for Large Combustion Plants has reduced acidification 3-way catalysts on vehicles have reduced PM and ozone precursors Although ozone precursors have been reduced substantially, reduction in ozone concentrations present a more complicated picture 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 52

Response to policy measures, PM10 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 53

Changes in PM10 emissions 1990-2000 Policy measure responses, EU15 and AC13 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 54

”The success of abatement” The population and economic activity in Europe has increased, and energy use has increased less, due to improved energy efficiency Emissions have decreased substantially Shift to lighter fuels (to some extent also to nuclear and renewables) explain only some of this decrease 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 55

”The success of abatement” Main abatement actions: Cleaning of large combustion plants (SO2, NOx, VOC) LRTAP Protocols and EU Large Comb. Plants directives 3-way catalysts on light duty vehicles EURO Directives (NOx, NMVOC, CO) Ambient SO2, NO2 and PM10 concentrations follow largely the emissions reductions Ozone concentrations do not fully reflect the precursor emissions reductions 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 56

Future ”Air Pollution Europe” report improvements Need to look closer at spatial differences in levels and tendencies e.g. using countries’ own assessments Need to analyse causes of tendencies (emissions/meteorology changes) Need to combine Air Pollution and Climate Change issues 29/11/2018 N:/adm/arkiv/overhead/2003/StL/AP-Europe-1999-2000.ppt 57