Entropy changes in irreversible Processes

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Presentation transcript:

Entropy changes in irreversible Processes To obtain the change in entropy in an irreversible process we have to calculate DS along a reversible path between the initial state and the final state. Freezing of water below its freezing point Irrev H2O( l , -10 °C) H2O( s , -10 °C) H2O( l , 0°C) H2O( s , 0 °C)

Absolute entropy of a substance Third law of thermodynamics: The entropy of each pure element or substance in a perfectly crystalline form is zero at absolute zero.

Spontaneous process

Helmholtz free energy

Gibb’s Free Energy

Combining the First and Second law

The Thermodynamic Square P U G T V A

S H P U G T V A

The variation of Gibb’s energy with temperature.

Variation of the Gibb’s energy with pressure

Conditions for equilibrium between Phases  

Various Equilibrium conditions Capacity Factor Intensity Equilibrium Condition S T At const. U,V V P At const. V,T ni i At const. P,T

 

Phase changes of pure component

Temperature dependence of phase stability

Response of melting temperature to the applied pressure