THE RISE OF ISLAM Unit 3

GEOGRAPHY OF ARABIA Arabia is mostly desert Water and plant life are found at oases What do we know about the Bedouins… Politically? Economically? Socially? Religion? Interactions?

Mecca – A trading city Medina - An oasis in the Desert, Control was contested by several Bedouin and Jewish clans. Kaaba – holy site pre- and post- Islam in Mecca

MUHAMMAD: ISLAM’S PROPHET Muhammad was born in 570 AD in Mecca Muhammad went to the hills to meditate 610 AD: Visited by an angel and told to preach Islam Islam means “Surrendering or Submission to the will of Allah” Allah is the Arabic word for “God”

MUHAMMAD’S TEACHINGS He said: He told them to only worship Allah, the one true God Muhammad taught that all people were equal He said: The rich should share their things Being rich was not as important as leading a good life When the Day of Judgment came, God would reward the good people and punish the bad Men and Woman are equal before god

OPPOSITION TO ISLAM Umayyad reprisal Muhammad and his followers fled Mecca in 622 AD and moved north to a city they called Medina “City of the Prophet” Muhammad created a government in Medina  Solved problems amongst Bedouins 630 AD: Muhammad’s army took over Mecca and made it a holy city

ISLAM’S TEACHINGS Christians see Jesus as divine/god-like Islam, Judaism and Christianity believe some of the same things: Believe in one God who spoke to people through prophets Muslims believe Abraham, Moses, Jesus and Muhammad are the prophets Christians see Jesus as divine/god-like Muslims do NOT see Muhammad as divine, just a good person and prophet Muhammad accepts earlier prophets of Judaism and Christianity Muslims wrote down what Allah told Muhammad in the Quran, the holy book of Islam

THE QURAN How to Live: be honest, treat others fairly, honor their parents, give to the poor, do not murder, lie or steal Daily Life: Cannot eat pork, drink alcohol or gamble FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM: Acts of Worship: Belief, Prayer, Charity, Fasting and Pilgrimage Hadiths Reports of Muhammad's life, also informs traditions

Islamic empires Unit 3

ISLAMIC EMPIRES By 750 AD, Islam spread to North Africa, Spain and some of India Initial Conquest- Ridda Wars Arab tribes and Bedouins were good on horseback and with swords United by their religion United by desire for loot Let others practice their own religion “People of the Book”…Christians and Jews If you were not Muslim, you had to pay a special tax The term Arab came to mean anyone who spoke Arabic, not someone FROM Arabia.

Succession Crisis comes to a head Initially no conflict Muhammad’s son-in-law viewed as too young 3 caliphs later…. Utman was caliph- assasinated Umayyad (Muhammad’s Once enemies) Results in Sunni, Shia split

No warm-up Get out your notes/worksheet from yesterday.

The Umayyad Caliphate Persia chart

Umayyad Control Umayyads- Move capital to Damascus (modern day Syria) Conquest State Tolerance for people of the book Most coverts were voluntary (little advancement) Mawali still had to pay Jizya

A Poem from the Abbasid Era To Abu Hassan I offer condolences. At times of disaster and catastrophe God multiplies rewards for the patient. To be patient in misery Is equivalent to giving thanks for a gift. Among the blessings of God undoubtedly Is the preservation of sons And the death of daughters.

END OF THE FIRST ARAB EMPIRE 1200’s: Mongols invaded from central Asia The Mongols were building their own empire and destroying many civilizations 1258: the Mongols burned Baghdad, the capital of the Arab Empire, to the ground

LATER MUSLIM EMPIRES Other Muslim groups built empires in Asia, Africa and Europe Two of the largest and most powerful empires were the Ottoman Empire that began in Turkey and the Mogul empire in India The Ottoman Empire “Ottoman Turks” Ottomans conquered the Byzantine Empire in 1453, renamed Constantinople to Istanbul Conquered Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Mesopotamia, parts of Arabia and North Africa Used guns and cannons to fight, built a navy for the Mediterranean

OTTOMAN EMPIRE

WHO WERE THE MOGULS? 1500’s: Muslims in north India build another Muslim empire Used guns, cannons, elephants and horses to win land Made the city of Delhi the center of their empire Greatest Mogul ruler was Akbar Treated his people fairly, which brought peace and order Most of India’s people were Hindu Both Hindus and Muslims worked in Akbar’s government Muslim traders brought paper, gunpowder and fine porcelain from China, architects used built styles like the arch and dome

WHO WERE THE MOGULS? The Mogul empire started to decline when they spent too much trying to expand, forced people to pay high taxes and switch to Islam, then had to deal with European merchants