Lesson: Learning Theories Presented by: Erin Allen, Kelley McDonald, & Brittney Patten April 17, 2018

8:00-8:25 8:25-8:45 8:45-8:50 8:50-9:10 9:10-9:15 Break Learning Objectives & PowerPoint Lecture Further Discussion and Questions 8:00-8:25 8:25-8:45 8:45-8:50 8:50-9:10 9:10-9:15 Learning Activity 1 Learning Activity 2

Learning Objectives Define constructivism, behaviorism, social cognitivism, cognitivism, brain-based learning, and humanism. Demonstrate the appropriate teaching strategy for each learning theory. Identify which learning theories would coincide with different student learning styles Discuss connectivism and its emergence in the digital age. Brain-Based Learning Humanism Social Cognitivism Cognitivism Behaviorism

Topics Brain-based Learning & Humanism Constructivism Cognitivism Social Cognitivism Behaviorism Connectivism Topics

The principles of brain-based learning and humanism are applicable to all learning theories

Brain Based Learning Based on research regarding the brain and how the brain learns Guiding Principles: Brains are dynamic. Brains are unique. Brains use active construction of learning. Brains are social brains. The physical and cognitive are interconnected. Uniqueness is the rule. Brains are designed for “gist” processing. The brain physically changes from learning. Classroom Techniques: pre expose students to content a week before lecture, manage student stress levels, celebrate success and teach less content There has been a massive influx of research regarding the human brain over the last two decades, which has contributed to the creation of this learning theory. According to researchers once the brain has learned some new piece of information, it becomes easier to continue learning. Phillips, B.C. (2018). Learning theories. In M.H. Oermann, J.C. DeGagne, & B.C. Phillips(Ed s.), Teaching in nursing and the role of the educator: The complete guide to best practice in teaching, evaluation, and curriculum development. (pp. 17-27). New York: Springer Publishing Company.

Humanism Humanism is “optimistic and focuses on noble human capacity to overcome hardship, pain and despair” (McLeod, 2016, para 7). Focus is toward the study of humans as a whole (McLeod, 2015). Each person is viewed as individually unique: This means their needs are also unique Learning directed toward this approach should be focused on the individual’s learning type (e.g. visual, auditory). Based in psychological foundations Seen as inadequate when used to retain new knowledge regarding facts and skills. McLeod, S. A. (2016). Bandura - social learning theory. Retrieved from www.simplypsychology.org/bandura.html

The Core 3 plus a New Perspective Behaviorism Cognitivism Constructivism The digital age has brought… Connectivism

According to Behaviorism... Learning is a change in behavior brought about by components of the external environment Classical Conditioning - learned response to a stimulus Operant Conditioning - behavior change in response to positive reinforcement Remember Pavlov and the doggie? Teaching methods: guided practice, repetition, skill exercises Phillips, B.C. (2018). Learning theories. In M.H. Oermann, J.C. DeGagne, & B.C. Phillips (Eds.), Teaching in nursing and the role of the educator: The complete guide to best practice in teaching, evaluation, and curriculum development. (pp. 17-27). New York: Springer Publishing Company.

According to Cognitivism... Developed in the 1960’s and replaced behaviorism as the leading learning theory. Previously, humans were viewed to act like ‘programmed animals’ who responded according to external stimuli. Cognitivism holds humans as rational beings, capable of learning through active participation (David, 2015). The learner is viewed as a processor of information (e.g. computer) which takes in data and responds accordingly. David, L. (2015). Cognitivism. Retrieved from https://www.learning-theories.com/cognitivism.html Phillips, B.C. (2018). Learning theories. In M.H. Oermann, J.C. DeGagne, & B.C. Phillips (Eds.), Teaching in nursing and the role of the educator: The complete guide to best practice in teaching, evaluation, and curriculum development. (pp. 17-27). New York: Springer Publishing Company. Image courtesy of: http://esanderslearningtheories.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/6/4/25641196/2405857.png?1394508052

Social cognitive theory The acquisition of knowledge is in direct correlation to a person’s observation of their peers. Observations take place through social interactions, use of media, and lived experiences (McLeod, 2016). Utilized in nursing curriculum to demonstrate nursing skills and procedures not easily conveyed through verbal or written material (e.g. simulation lab). Incorporates the behavioral theory of conditioning Repeated exposure to certain stimuli elicits a response or change in behavior. Believes adaptations occur due to interactions with the surrounding environment, and take place in reaction to responses from certain stimuli (McLeod, 2016). Most commonly identified in child development. Children observe and emulate parents based upon the resulting reinforcement received from observed behavior. E.g. Child learns that hitting a sibling is not acceptable after receiving a time-out for the behavior. According to Burke and Mancuso (2012), the use of SCT within a nursing curriculum “for planning and implementing simulation learning activities not only optimizes task and content mastery but also supports student analysis of one’s own learning or thinking process (p. 543)”. Burke, H., & Mancuso, L. (2012). Social cognitive theory, metacognition, and simulation learning in nursing education. Journal of Nursing Education, 51(10), 543-548. doi: 10.3928/01484834-20120820-02

According to Constructivism... Learning is an active process of assembling knowledge through interactions with the environment and utilizing self-reflection (Phillips, 2018). When something new is encountered, the learner must ask questions, experiment and explore in order to construct new knowledge. The educator acts as a learning facilitator Classroom techniques: Experiments, case-based learning (case studies), class discussion and simulation Creates motivated, independent learners and encourages critical thinking The role of the educator in this learning theory is to facilitate learning by asking questions and guiding students in learning. Constructivism is "well suited for nursing education because contextual information and the importance of individual experiences are cornerstones of nursing practice" (Mosca, 2017, p. 45). Mosca, C. (2017). Using Constructivist learning theory to create and implement a pilot online dosage calculation module. Journal of the New York State Nurses Association, 45(1), 44-49. Phillips, B.C. (2018). Learning theories. In M.H. Oermann, J.C. DeGagne, & B.C. Phillips (Eds.), Teaching in nursing and the role of the educator: The complete guide to best practice in teaching, evaluation, and curriculum development. (pp. 17-27). New York: Springer Publishing Company.

According to Connectivism... Learning is based on the ability of a person to traverse multiple networks of information A person’s learning is affected by the types of technology they use and their ability to use that technology to find answers Learners will likely work in a variety of fields during their lifetime which requires continual self-directed education It is increasingly important for learners to know where to find information rather than just memorizing it See Handout Convergence Academies. (2015, January 30). Connectivism: Bearing a Heavy Node [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://convergenceacademies.postach.io/post/connectivism-bearing-a-heavy-node

Summary and Questions? Image courtesy of: https://pypinub.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/connectism.png

In Class Learning Activities One Two Think about the learning theories we covered today. Which theory do you identify with most as an educator and how does this theory contribute to your personal teaching philosophy. Individually take 10 minutes to write a paragraph. Then share your paragraph with your neighbor. All paragraphs are due at the conclusion of this class. Your assigned group is required to teach an undergraduate nursing class about cardiac dysrhythmias (please choose only one dysrhythmia). Choose a learning theory to guide your presentation to the class. Make sure to include an activity or assignment which highlights the learning theory’s main intention. Your group will be required to present your chosen theory and assignment on the next day of class.

References Burke, H., & Mancuso, L. (2012). Social cognitive theory, metacognition, and simulation learning in nursing education. Journal of Nursing Education, 51(10), 543-548. doi: 10.3928/01484834-20120820-02 Convergence Academies. (2015, January 30). Connectivism: Bearing a Heavy Node [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://convergenceacademies.postach.io/post/connectivism-bearing-a-heavy-node David, L. (2015). Cognitivism. Retrieved from https://www.learning-theories.com/cognitivism.html McLeod, S. A, (2015). Humanism. Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/humanistic.html McLeod, S. A. (2016). Bandura - social learning theory. Retrieved from www.simplypsychology.org/bandura.html Mosca, C. (2017). Using Constructivist learning theory to create and implement a pilot online dosage calculation module. Journal of the New York State Nurses Association, 45(1), 44-49. Phillips, B.C. (2018). Learning theories. In M.H. Oermann, J.C. DeGagne, & B.C. Phillips (Eds.), Teaching in nursing and the role of the educator: The complete guide to best practice in teaching, evaluation, and curriculum development. (pp. 17-27). New York: Springer Publishing Company.