A Surprising Alliance: Two Giants of the 20th Century

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A Surprising Alliance: Two Giants of the 20th Century Robert M. Sade, MD The Annals of Thoracic Surgery Volume 103, Issue 6, Pages 2015-2019 (June 2017) DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.12.056 Copyright © 2017 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 Upper four panels (left to right): The triangulation technique of small vessel anastomosis. Three fine stay sutures are placed at regular intervals around the circumference of a small vessel. Gentle traction on two of the sutures at a time allows the surgeon to achieve a smooth, everting anastomosis without touching the delicate vessel wall with forceps. Lower four panels: Anastomoses of a small vessel, a larger vessel, and a small vessel to a larger vessel. (Reprinted from Edwards and Edwards, Alexis Carrel: Visionary Surgeon, 1974:26, with permission of Charles C Thomas Publisher, Ltd, Springfield, Illinois.) The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2017 103, 2015-2019DOI: (10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.12.056) Copyright © 2017 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

Fig 2 Dr Alexis Carrel during World War I, during which he developed the wound irrigation solution that bears his name along with that of the English chemist, Henry D. Dakin, the Carrel-Dakin solution, that is still in use today. (Image courtesy of Johnson & Johnson Archives.) The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2017 103, 2015-2019DOI: (10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.12.056) Copyright © 2017 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

Fig 3 Charles Lindbergh and the Spirit of St. Louis, May 31, 1927. From https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Lindbergh_and_the_Spirit_of_Saint_Louis_(Crisco_restoration,_with_wings).jpg). The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2017 103, 2015-2019DOI: (10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.12.056) Copyright © 2017 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

Fig 4 The Lindbergh-Carrel apparatus for culture of whole organs. The reservoir chamber (18) was under pulsating pressure and release of the control gas passing through the cotton filter bulb. Consequently the perfusion fluid passed from the reservoir chamber (18) into the mouth of the feed tube (19) and through the feed tube (20), where it was filtered by two platinum screens (21). The fluid then passed through the cannula (3) to the organ and into the organ chamber (4). It was then pumped through a silica sand filter (6) past the upper (9) and lower (15) floating valves, which prevented backflow of the fluid, and then to the starting point in the reservoir chamber (18). Cotton wool in all the inlet and outlet ports (22, 12, 1, 2) kept bacteria out. The perfusion fluid was oxygenated by surface contact with the oxygen-rich gas mixture used to pump the fluid around the apparatus. (Reprinted from Edwards and Edwards. Alexis Carrel: Visionary Surgeon, 1974:94, with permission of Charles C Thomas Publisher, Ltd, Springfield, Illinois.) The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2017 103, 2015-2019DOI: (10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.12.056) Copyright © 2017 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions