Created by Phyllis Butler ZOOPLANKTON and PHYTOPLANKTON Created by Phyllis Butler

The Basics What are plankton? Phyto = plant Plankton = wanderer Not strong swimmers they are carried by currents Phytoplankton are autotrophic 11/29/2018

Plankton can be collected using a plankton net and flow meter. LOcations Plankton is found in Pelagic ( Open ocean) and Neritic ( Coastal) regions. Plankton can be collected using a plankton net and flow meter. The Fish larvae population is denser in the Pelagic. Zoea crab population is denser in the Neritic. 11/29/2018

Importance of Phytoplankton Phytoplankton is the base of the food chain. Phytoplankton population decline causes zooplankton and apex predators to decline . Apex Predators Zooplankton Phytoplankton 11/29/2018

Made of calcium (Calcareous) PYTOPlankton COCCPLITHOPHORES Made of calcium (Calcareous) Dissolve at low temperature DIATOMS = dominant Made of silica (glass) In cold nutrient rich water. Golden blooms DINOFLAGELLATES Heterotrophic with flagella Low light Cause Red Tides which are toxic 11/29/2018

phytoplankton Diatoms They are like glass. Their top section fits over the bottom section like a box. Essential food source for zooplankton and larger organisms such as clams. 11/29/2018

Dinoflagellates Has two flagella ( whip like organs to move) Prefer warmer water Red Tides are caused by Gonyaulax & Gymnodinium Can be bioluminescent Are Red- Green Christmas colors 11/29/2018

Dinoflagellates The Phytoplankton  Asexual reproduction causes blooms are known as Red Tides Some Dinoflagellates produce toxins that accumulate in the food chain and may affect other organisms Many Dinoflagellates are auto- and heterotroph, some are only heterotroph Ceratium spec. 11/29/2018

Holoplankton – permanent members of the plankton Zooplankton Groups Zoo= Animal plankton Meroplankton – spend the juvenile part of their lifecycle in the plankton Holoplankton – permanent members of the plankton Live in the pelagic ( open ocean) environment 11/29/2018

Plankton Net 11/29/2018

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Asteronella 11/29/2018

Benthocodon 11/29/2018

Bolonopsis 11/29/2018

Ceratium 11/29/2018

Chaetocerus 11/29/2018

Copepod 11/29/2018

Copepod 11/29/2018

Ctenophore 11/29/2018

Ctenophore 11/29/2018

Cubozoan 11/29/2018

Gastropod larva 11/29/2018

Magacytophanes 11/29/2018

Nautilus 11/29/2018

Pandea 11/29/2018

Peridinium 11/29/2018

Pfiesteria 11/29/2018

Strombidium 11/29/2018

Thalassoria 11/29/2018

Themisto 11/29/2018

Data Results 1 11/29/2018

Data Results 2 11/29/2018

Data Results 3 11/29/2018

The Zooplankton Foraminifera and Radiolaria Both are single-celled .They eat phytoplankton & zooplankton. Daily migration for food & safety. Foraminiferans are made of calcium carbonate Radiolarians are made of silica which is glass  Their skeletons form thick layers of Foraminiferan or Radiolarian ooze in the deep ocean. They can be indicators of undersea oil deposits. (Radiolaria) Foraminifera 11/29/2018

Meroplankton: Larvae Planktonic larvae occur in virtually all phyla; Other relevant groups of zooplankton Meroplankton: Larvae Planktonic larvae occur in virtually all phyla; Echinodermata Sand dollars Crustacea Crabs called Zoea Cnidaria Jellyfish Nemertini & Annelida Worms Bryozoa Coral like Porifera Sponge Mollusca Veliger Also Fish larvae belong to the plankton (Ichthyoplankton) Trochophora larvae (Spiralia) 11/29/2018

Pteropds which are mollusks Planktonic squids Annelida worms MEROPLANKTON only plankton as juveniles Molluscs, annelids, chaetognatha, crustaceans Examples of organisms that begin their life as Plankton; Pteropds which are mollusks Planktonic squids Annelida worms  Chaetognatha (arrow worms) 5mm 1mm 11/29/2018

Flotation mechanisms Strategies to avoid sinking: decrease of density • replacement of heavy chemical ions by osmotically similar lighter ones Noctiluca miliaris and cranchid squids: NH4Cl (1.01 g/cm3) enriched; seawater (1.025 g/cm3) Salps, ctenophores, heteropods: Substitution of the heavy SO42-by the lighter Cl-) Cl (1.01 g/cm3) enriched; seawater (1.025 g/cm3) • oils and fats copepods: excess food stored as oil droplets under carapace diatoms: storage of oil drops • gas-filled floats Hydrozoa: Physalia and Velella 11/29/2018

Development of flattened body shapes Flotation mechanisms Strategies to avoid sinking surface of resistance Small body size the smaller the organisms the greater the ratio of surface area to volume Development of spines and body projections add surface area but little weight Development of flattened body shapes 11/29/2018

Primary Producers Primary Producers Kelp forests are one of the ocean’s most productive habitats. © 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. 11/29/2018

FOOD WEBS * Energy flows through living systems, but matter is recycled. * Primary producers, called autotrophs, synthesize glucose by the process of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. * Heterotrophs cannot synthesize glucose, and must consume autotrophs or other heterotrophs for food. * Feeding relationships resemble webs. * Phytoplankton are some of the world’s most important producers; zooplankton are the most abundant consumers in the ocean. 11/29/2018

Plankton Plankton Trap Plankton are drifting autotrophs. Plankton is a group of many species, some photosynthetic and some chemosynthetic. Scientists can collect and study plankton using plankton nets. 11/29/2018

Feeding Relationships Food Chain Example This is just a dummy box---------------------------------------------- 11/29/2018

Factors That Limit Productivity What factors could limit primary productivity? Water Carbon dioxide Inorganic nutrients Sunlight Since water and carbon dioxide are in good supply in the ocean, the factors that usually limit primary productivity are inorganic nutrients and sunlight. 11/29/2018

Global Distribution of Plankton Productivity This is a dummy box The distribution of phytoplankton corresponds to the distribution of macronutrients. The productivity of plankton varies between the seasons. 11/29/2018

Larger Marine Producers Some oceanic autotrophs are attached (remember, plankton are drifters). Attached autotrophs are forms of protists we commonly call algae, or seaweed. Seaweeds can be classified based on the type of pigments they have. Chlorophytes are green due to the presence of chlorophyll and the lack of accessory pigments. Phaeophytes are brown. They contain chlorophyll and the secondary pigment fucoxanthin Rhodophytes These seaweeds get their red color from the accessory pigments called phycobilius. 11/29/2018

Larger Marine Producers Rhodophytes can be encrusting (a) or erect (b). 11/29/2018

Mangroves are found in sediment rich lagoons, bays and estuaries. Aquatic Plants Angiosperms are advanced vascular plants that reproduce with flowers and seed. Sea grasses are found on the coasts. Their seeds are distributed by water. Sea grasses are very productive as compared to phytoplankton. Mangroves are found in sediment rich lagoons, bays and estuaries. 11/29/2018

Produced by Phyllis Butler The end Produced by Phyllis Butler