Water in the Atmosphere Weather Factors Table of Contents 5.1 & 5. 2 Heat Transfer Water in the Atmosphere 5.1 Videos: Brainpop-Temperature Heat Transmission: Conduction, Convection, and Radiation

Vocabulary 5.1 Atmosphere- The envelope of gases that surrounds the planet. Hydrosphere- The portion of the Earth that consists of liquid water (oceans…) Weather- the condition of Earth’s atmosphere at a particular time and place. Temperature-how hot or cold something is; measure of average energy of motion of the particles of a substance. Thermal Energy-The total kinetic and potential energy of all the particles of an object. Thermometer-An instrument used to measure temperature. Heat-The transfer of thermal energy from a warmer object to a cooler object. Convection-The transfer of thermal energy by the movement of a fluid. Conduction-the transfer of thermal energy from one particle of matter to another. Convection Currents- the movement of a fluid, caused by differences in temperature, that transfers heat from one part of the fluid to another.

How is the Earth a System? Pg. 155 Earth is a system made up of different parts. The atmosphere is the envelope of gases that surround the planet. The hydrosphere is made up of all the water on Earth. The atmosphere and hydrosphere constantly interact. For example, when energy from the sun warms the gases in the atmosphere and the water in the hydrosphere, the water evaporates and forms vapor in the atmosphere. The vapor may form clouds and then fall back to the surface of Earth as rain. Weather is the condition of Earth’s atmosphere at a particular time and place. As the interactions between Earth’s parts change, so does the weather.

How is Temperature Measured? pg. 156 All substances are made up of tiny particles (atoms and molecules) that are constantly moving. The faster the particles move, the more energy they have. Thermal energy measures the total (potential and kinetic) energy of motion in the particles of a substance. Temperature is the average amount of energy of motion of each particle of a substance. Air temperature is usually measured with a thermometer. A thermometer is a device that measures temperature. Temperature is measured in units called degrees. There are twoTemperature scales : 1.) the Celsius scale 2.) the Fahrenheit scale.

Heat Transfer Converting Units Temperature readings can be converted from the Fahrenheit scale to the Celsius scale using the following equation:

How is Heat Transferred? Pg. 158 Heat is thermal energy (potential & kinetic energy)that is transferred from a hotter object to a cooler one. Heat is transferred in three ways: Convection (fluids-liquids & gases) Conduction (Heat transfer between 2 substances-direct contact) Radiation (transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves) In Convection (H.T), Atoms and molecules in fluids (liquids and gases) can move easily. As they move, their energy moves with them. The transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid is called convection. Convection The transfer of thermal energy (potential & kinetic energy) by the movement of a fluid.

Heat Transfer Convection, Conduction, and Radiation

How is Heat Transferred? Pg. 158 Heating the Troposphere Conduction- Is the transfer of heat between two substances that are in direct contact . When a fast moving molecule bumps into a slower moving molecule, the faster one transfers some of its energy to the slower one. The closer together the molecules are in a substance, the better they conduct heat. Conduction works best in-- some solids, such as metals but not as well-- in liquids and gases. Radiation -is the direct transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves. Most of the heat that you feel from the sun travels to you as infrared radiation, which you cannot see but can feel.

Heat Transfer Heat Transfer Heat transfer occurs when a warm radiator heats a room. What type of heat transfer could keep the paper in the air?

How is Heat Transferred? Pg. 159 The troposphere is the lowest layer in Earth’s atmosphere. Radiation, conduction, and convection work together to heat the troposphere. During a sunny day the land gets warmer than the air. But because air doesn’t conduct heat well, only the first few meters of the troposphere are heated by conduction. When air at ground level warms, its molecules spread out, making it less dense (component parts closely compacted together). Cooler denser air sinks toward the surface, forcing the warmer air to rise. The upward movement of warm air and the downward movement of cool air form convection currents. Heat is transferred mostly by convection within the troposphere.

Water in the Atmosphere Chapter 5.2 Water in the Atmosphere

Vocabulary ch. 5.2 Water Cycle-- The continual movement of water among Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, and land surface through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. Evaporation --The process by which molecules at the surface of a liquid absorb enough energy to change to a gas. Precipitation– Any form of water that falls from clouds and reaches Earth’s surface as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.

How Does Water Move through the Atmosphere The Water Cycle– The movement of water through the Earth’s systems. This movement is driven by the sun’s energy & gravity

Steps of the Water Cycle pg. 162 Water evaporates- (water vapor enters the atmosphere) Process where molecules at the surface of a liquid absorbs (gains) energy and changes to gaseous state. Water evaporates from: oceans, rivers, lakes, soil, puddles, and even your skin! Transpiration- Takes place when plants draws water from the ground and then the water is given off through the leaves. Condensation – (Condensation is the reverse of evaporation; it is the process by which water vapor becomes liquid water.) After water evaporates, warm air carries molecules upward (air is colder as it rises.) Water vapor condenses into liquid water. Droplets of water clump around solid particles in the air, forming clouds.

Steps of the Water Cycle Precipitation- Water condenses, droplets grow larger becoming heavier so that they fall back to Earth. Types of precipitation: rain, ______, ______, and ________. Most precipitation falls into oceans Precipitation that falls on land, mostly evaporates Precipitation is the source for fresh water Water that seeps into the ground is called- groundwater. This water flows back to the ocean, and the process starts all over again. Runoff- water that remains on the surface, runs off into streams and lakes

Weather and the Water Cycle pg. 163 The water cycle helps weather patterns and climate. The sun’s energy changes the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. Depending location, certain areas such as equator, have more condensation and ______________. Areas that have more condensation experience more____________ and precipitation. Areas that have less water vapor, have fewer clouds and less precipitation.

The Water Cycle

Water in the Atmosphere The Water Cycle What are the processes in the water cycle? Runoff, Precipitation, condensation, Evaporation, transpiration

The Driest Place on Earth Water in the Atmosphere The Driest Place on Earth There are places in the Atacama Desert where a single drop of rain has never been measured.