STATE OF NATIONAL GROUNDWATER MONITORING IN ITALY WG2C Workshop on “Groundwater monitoring” Brussels, 25th June 2004 STATE OF NATIONAL GROUNDWATER MONITORING IN ITALY Martina Bussettini, Claudio Fabiani APAT AGENZIA PER LA PROTEZIONE DELL’AMBIENTE E PER I SERVIZI TECNICI

Agency for Environmental Protection and Technical Services NATIONAL HYDROGRAPHIC AND MAREOGRAPHIC SERVICE Agency for Environmental Protection and Technical Services former NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT AGENCY APAT NATIONAL GEOLOGICAL SERVICE CTN – AIM NATIONAL TOPIC CENTRE ON WATERS REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCIES NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL INSTITUTES (IRSA, ISE) WATER RESEARCH INSTITUTE ISS ITALIAN NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH ICRAM UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENTS

TOOLS AND BEST PRACTICES PRISMAS Guidelines for Groundwater Regional Network design (Hydro-geological, Hydro-chemical, Statistical criteria) Umbria, Piemonte, Liguria and Basilicata Regions INCLUDED IN CIS-WFD MONITORING GUIDANCE AS NATIONAL BEST PRACTICE ANALITIC METHODS FOR WATERS QUALITY CNR – IRSA, ISS Guidelines for Groundwater National Network design CNR – IRSA GUIDELINES FOR the ASSESSMENT AND CARTOGRAPHY of AQUIFERS VUNERABILITY TO POLLUTION CNR – GNDC

HYDROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ITALY ANNUAL AVERAGE RAINFALL Min= 420 mm/year Avg= 1030 mm/year Max= 3310 mm/year AVERAGE PRECIPITATION ~30010 9 m3/year EXPLOITABLE SURFACE WATER ~ 42109 m3/year AVAILABLE GROUNDWATERS ~ 12109 m3/year

HYDROGEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION QUATERNARY PLAIN DEPOSIT (Po plain) ALLUVIAL PLAIN AQUIFERS VOLCANIC STRUCTURES DETRITAL UNITS CARBONATIC AQUIFERS (Central and southern Italy)

BIODEGRADABLE ORGANIC NOT BIODEGRADABLE ORGANIC PRESSURES ON GW QUANTITATIVE PRESSURES DRASTIC REDUCTION OF BASE FLOW IN SURFACE WATER BODIES (CARBONATES, VOLCANIC) SALINIZATION IN COASTAL AQUIFERS SUBSIDENCE QUALITATIVE PRESSURES DIFFUSE POLLUTION BY NITRATES IN PO PLANE INTENSE POINT POLLUTION IN URBAN AREAS BIODEGRADABLE ORGANIC 5% NOT BIODEGRADABLE ORGANIC 23% MICROBIOLOGICAL 33% Nature of groundwater pollution G.Giuliano-1999 INORGANIC 39%

LEGISLATIVE DECREE 152/99 ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVES MONITORING ACTIVITY GOOD STATUS OF WATER RESOURCES TO BE OBTAINED IN 2016 PRESERVATION OF HIGH STATUS WB PRESERVE ITS SELF-PURIFYING AND REGENERATIVE PROPERTIES ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVES (RIVER BASIN AUTHORITIES) MONITORING ACTIVITY (REGIONAL/ PROVINCIAL ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AGENCIES) SIGNIFICANT WATER BODIES SPECIFIC DESTINATION WATER BODIES (Fish, Shellfish, Drinking water, Bathing water) WATER PROTECTION PLAN PROGRAMME OF MEASURES (REGIONS)

GW CLASSIFICATION : QUANTITY CHARACTERIZATION : RIVER BASIN HYDROLOGY, GW BODY TYPE (UNCONFINED,CONFINED,SEMI-CONFINED); VULNERABLE WB; MONITORING SITES Parameters Volume (m3) Discharge Spring capacity Abstraction from well (sectorial uses) Class A Nul or negligible anthropic impacts on long-term recharge balance (equilibrium conditions, trends) Class B Reduced recharge unbalance but no over-exploitation Class C Relevant unbalance with effect on availability Class D Nul or negegligible anthropic impacts but naturally low production potential

GW Classification: GW chemical status (SCAS) QE Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 0 Conductivity (mS/cm at 20oC)  400  2500 > 2500 >2500 Chloride (mg/L)  25  250 > 250 Mn (mg/L)  20  50 > 50 >50 Fe (mg/L) < 50 < 200  200 > 200 >200 Nitrate (mg/L) as NO3  5 Sulphate (mg/L) as SO4 >250 Ammonium ion (mg/L) as NH4  0.05  0.5  1.5 > 0.5 Natural micropolutants > EQS Class 0 Synthetic micropollutants > EQS Class 4

GW ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS QUANTITY:CLASS A B C D QUALITY:CLASS 1 2 3 4 GW ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS High Good Fair Poor Particular 1 - A 1 – B 3 – A 1 – C 0 – A 2 – A 3 - B 2 – C 0 – B 2 – B 3 – C 0 – C 4 – C 0 – D 4 – A 1 – D 4 – B 2 – D 3 – D 4 - D

GW MONITORING PROCESS GWB CHARACTERISATION MONITORING – STEP 1 acquisition of available information pressures analysis to define gwb at risk GWB CHARACTERISATION INDIVIDUATION OF GW POINTS OF MEASUREMENT DB of WATER POINTS (SPRINGS, BOREHOLES, WELLS) HYDROGEOLOGIC MODEL OF GWB gw general classification (chemical status, vulnerability) MONITORING – STEP 1 IMPLEMENTATION OF GW MONITORING NETWORK MONITORING – STEP 2 gw environmental status classification chemical + quantitative status = environmental status OPTIMISATION OF GW MONITORING NETWORK

REPORTING DM 19/08/03: WATER BODIES QUALITY STATUS AND CLASSIFICATION INFORMATION REPORTING STANDARDS CHARACTERIZATION OF RIVER BASINS AND ANTHROPIC IMPACT ANALYSIS CHARACTERIZATION,CLASSIFICATION AND LOCATION OF WATER BODIES (SURFACE WB, GWB, LAKES, ARTIFICIAL WB, COASTAL WB, TRANSITION WB) IDENTIFICATION OF REFERENCE WATER BODIES MONITORING NETWORKS CHARACTERIZATION AND LOCATION OF AREAS OF PROTECTION FOR SURFACE WATERS AND GROUNDWATER BODIES FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION INDIVIDUATION OF AREAS VULNERABLE TO PESTICIDES INFORMATION WITHIN 30th JUNE 2004

NATIONAL GW QUALITATIVE STATUS ASSESSMENT IN 2002 RESULTS OF GW QUALITY MONITORING (STEP 1): NITRATES CRITICAL CONCENTRATIONS DANGEROUS INORGANIC SUBSTANCES (HG, PB, PESTICIDES) NATURAL PRESENCE OF As, MN,Fe,NH3 NECESSITY OF A NATIONAL LEVEL MONITORING TO CONTROL THESE PHENOMENA

MONITORING NETWORKS: DIFFERENT SCALES level objective duration state NATIONAL National strategic gw resources quali-quantitative status assessment: focus on point and linear springs Control the peformance of the programme of measures in wb enhancement Study of gw systems reactivity to new generation pollutants Permanent operational in 2006 (wfd) REGIONAL Qualiquantitative monitoring Gwb modeling Operational (first phase monitoring) LOCAL (Thematic) Specific phenomena monitoring Alarm Limited Operational when needed

STATE OF GW MONITORING 1990 2004 OPERATIONAL PARTLY OPERATIONAL DESIGN ABSENT QUALIQUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE QUANITITATIVE SPECIFIC DESTINATION NETWORK

WHO IS IN CHARGE OF.. GW QUANTITATIVE MONITORING GW QUALITATIVE MONITORING REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCIES PROVINCIAL TECHNICAL SERVICES REGIONAL HYDROGRAPHIC SERVICES NATIONAL HEALTH MINISTRY (DRINKABLE WATER QUALITY) PROVINCES HEALTH DEPARTMENTS REGIONAL GEOLOGICAL SERVICES WATER SUPPLY AGENCIES

REGIONAL MONITORING NETWORKS (Data received until 10th may 04)

NMN IMPLEMENTATION VALLEYS AND PLAINS AQUIFERS MOUNTAIN AQUIFERS GW MONITORING NETWORKS HIGHLY DEVELOPED EXPERIMENTED METHODOLOGIES DEEP KNOWLEDGE OF MAIN PROBLEMS MONITORING POINTS SUBSET TO IMPLEMENT NATIONAL NETWORK MOUNTAIN AQUIFERS MOST IMPORTANT EXCELLENT DRINKING WATER SUPPLIES; BASE FLOW FOR SURFACE WATER BODIES BASIC MONITORING STILL AT START LINEAR AND POINT SPRINGS MUST BE CONTROLLED BY THE NATIONAL NETWORK. TEVERE PRB EXERCISE STRESSES THE INFLUENCE OF DROP IN GW ON SURFACE WATERS.

MAIN ISSUES OF NATIONAL INTEREST QUALITATIVE Agricoltural and Zootechnical source nitrates Natural toxic micropollutants New generation pollutants QUANTITATIVE Strategic gw resources protection (carbonates) Urban Piezometric levels modification Gw Over- exploitation Volcanic aquifers: strong decrease of the base flow in surface waterbodies Saline intrusion

CONCLUSIONS GW AS MAIN DRINKING WATER RESOURCE PROTECTION OF QUANTITATIVE STATUS: INDIVIDUATION OF QUANTITATIVE REFERENCE CONDITION (as in the Tevere PRB experience) IMPROVEMENT OF CONTROL/INSPECTION PROCEDURES TO ASSESS REAL ABSTRACTION/USES OF GW MONITORING AS INSTRUMENT TO INCREASE OUR KNOWLEDGE OF GW SYSTEMS AND TO CONTROL THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GWB PROTECTION MEASURES