Carbon Compounds Review Four major elements for life: C – Carbon H – Hydrogen O – Oxygen N - Nitrogen Gases

Carbon Compounds Carbon: Why is it so important? Has four valence electrons that can join with another electron to form a strong COVALENT bond. Carbon atoms can bond to other carbon atoms to form long chains

Carbon Compounds Carbon bonds: Up to four bonds for each C Single Double Triple

Organic Inorganic All living things contain carbon Living or came from living things Contain Carbon Examples: sugars, starches, oils Nonliving CO2  exception Examples: water (H2O), battery acid, salt

Carbon Compounds Let’s build some hydrocarbons! Carbon-based molecules are called organic compounds. Hydrocarbons – compounds composed of ONLY carbon and hydrogen Let’s build some hydrocarbons!

Making Models with Carbon Worksheet What do all the pieces mean? Make a key. C – Black H – White Bonds – White tubes

Making Models with Carbon Building a model. Follow along as we build: Methane Write the chemical formula: ___________ Draw the structural formula using the stick model  Build the compound.

Methane

On your own try to draw and build the following molecules: Ethane: Propane: Butane: Octane:

Chemical Formula Number of carbon atoms Name of compound C2H6 2 Ethane

C3H8 3 Propane Chemical Formula Number of carbon atoms Name of compound C3H8 3 Propane

C4H10 4 Butane Chemical Formula Number of carbon atoms Name of compound C4H10 4 Butane

C8H18 8 Octane Chemical Formula Number of carbon atoms Name of compound C8H18 8 Octane

Try these questions on your own: How many bonds can a hydrogen atom from? How many bonds can a carbon atom form? Notice that all of the hydrocarbons we have built end with –ane. (i.e. propane) The suffix –ane means that a hydrocarbon only contains single bonds between the carbon atoms. We call these hydrocarbon alkanes.

ALKANE: compounds of C and H that are only single bonded (saturated) ALKENE: compounds of C and H that have at least one double bond (unsaturated) ALKYNE: compounds of C and H that have at least one triple bond (unsaturated)

Using this new information create the following compounds Using this new information create the following compounds. Draw the structural formula and then build a model with the kit. 1. Ethene 2. Ethyne What is the chemical formula for Ethene? ____________ for Ethyne? ____________

1. Butane (straight chain) 2. Isobutane (branched chain)

Macromolecules Macromolecules – Four main groups of organic compounds formed by polymerization large compounds are made by joining smaller ones (monomers) together.

Macromolecules Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Four groups of organic compounds found in living things:

How to Make a Macromolecule Condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis) How monomers are linked together. For each monomer added to a chain, one water molecule (H2O) is removed.

How to Break a Macromolecule Hydrolysis Breaking polymers into monomers using/adding water. We have to break down our food to get energy!

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Monomer- Monosaccharides (Single sugar molecules) Characteristics: Living things use carbs as their main source of energy. Plants and some animals use carbs for structure.

Carbohydrates Examples: Glucose – main product of photosynthesis Galactose – component of milk Fructose – component of fruit

Carbohydrates Disaccharides Formed when two monosaccharides join together Examples: Maltose – malted milkshakes Sucrose – plant sap, table sugar Lactose – sugar found in milk

Carbohydrates Polysaccharides Large molecules (polymer) formed from monosaccharides Used by many plants and animals to store sugar Examples: Starch – plant storage Cellulose – gives plants structure Glycogen – animal storage

Let’s Build Some Carbohydrates!

Lipids Lipids Monomer – technically does not have a monomer… Made up of - Glycerol and three fatty acids

Lipids Characteristics Widely varied in structure and function Substances that are insoluble in a polar solvent and soluble in a nonpolar solvent. Lipids cannot dissolve in water.

Lipids Importance: Long-term energy Insulation and protection Chemical messengers; surround nerve cells; myelin Cell membranes

Lipids Fats Oils Waxes 3 Types – There are more! These are just three! Solid Butter Gristle Bacon fat Liquid Olive Oil Hard Solid Candles Surfboard wax

Lipids Saturated Unsaturated Bad Solid animal fats Causes heart disease Single bonds between carbons Good Fish Oil Prevents heart disease Double bonds between carbons

Let’s Build Some Lipids!

Proteins Proteins 20 different amino acids Sequence is important! Monomer – Amino Acids 20 different amino acids Sequence is important!

Proteins Importance? Structurally – Important for cells Functionally – most important as ENZYMES (chemical catalysts that speed and regulate almost all chemical reactions) Suffix –ase lets you know it’s an enzyme

Proteins Examples: Structural Protein – found in hair and tendons/ligaments Defensive Protein – Antibodies of the immune system Signal Protein – hormones/messengers that communicate between cells

Proteins Transport Proteins – ex/ transporting oxygen/sugars Storage Proteins – ex/ store amino acids for embryos

Building Proteins Worksheet

Proteins

Proteins Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts (speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells by lowering activation energy) Sucrase 

Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids Monomers (building blocks) Nucleotides Each nucleotide has three parts

Nitrogenous Base Phosphate Group 5-Carbon Sugar

Nucleic Acids Importance? Two kinds Function - Store and transmit hereditary/genetic information Two kinds Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Nucleic Acids Nitrogenous Bases: DNA RNA Making polynucleotides: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G) RNA Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G) Making polynucleotides: Nucleotides join by a dehydration synthesis reaction to form DNA/RNA

Protein Review What are the elements found in proteins? Functionally why are proteins important? What are the monomers of proteins? To join two amino acids together, what process has to occur? To break apart amino acids, what process has to occur?

Enzyme Activity Lab

Tissue Preparation Raw Liver Boiled Liver Liver soaked in acid Observation (bubbling or no bubbling) Rating of reaction intensity 0 = NO REACTION 10 = VERY VIGOROUS REACTION Raw Liver   Boiled Liver Liver soaked in acid Liver soaked in base Liver on ice Raw Potato Boiled Potato Potato soaked in acid Potato soaked in base Potato on ice

Fatty Acid Spectrum TRANS LDL HDL SATURATED LDL HDL POLYUNSAT. LDL HDL MONOSAT. LDL HDL