1235 A.D. - Ghana replaced by Mali—Another kingdom based on gold trade Mali becomes wealthy as the while Almoravid conquest disrupted the Gold-Salt Trade wealth that went to Ghana Mali was founded by a Mande speaking people who lived south of Ghana Used to be controlled by the Sosso, a kingdom near Mali Sundiata - Mande prince - Defeated the Sosso king and gaining independence from the Sosso (used to live in exile until he was called back to free his kingdom) With victory over the Sosso fresh, Sunidata Conquered Ghana and the trade cities of Kumbi and Walata Sunidata Reestablished the gold-salt trade (which had been disrupted earlier because of the Almoravids) and encouraged agriculture as well as innovation in farming techniques Empire of Mali

Sunidata Keita “The Lion King”

Later Mali rulers also convert to Islam as the Gold and Salt Trade is reestablished/reinforced with North African Merchants Mali rulers bring Muslim scholars and teachers to the Malians about Islam – built beautiful mosques in Mali because of their wealth from trade Most famous of the Muslim Mali rulers was Mansa Musa—Ruled Mali from 1312–1332 Grandnephew of Sunidata Keita, he was a skilled military leader and fair ruler Divided his kingdom into provinces, appointed governors, put down rebellions (kept order – hard to do in Africa at times) Also went on a hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca, where he gave gifts of gold left and right to the people of the cities he visited along the way ( he was that rich) – considered one the richest men to ever have existed 1352 - Ibn Battuta—Muslim scholar and traveler—visits Mali and praises its justice system though he had problems with the fact that the Malians didn’t follow Islam’s moral code to the letter 1400 A.D. – Mali declines after Mansa Musa’s death; his successors couldn’t govern as well as he had and the wealth from the trade of gold began to shift Empire of Mali (Cont.)

East Coast Trade Cities East African Coastline – Port cities like Kilwa, Mombasa and Sofala thrive on trade with Arabia and India Began developing by the 200s A.D. - by 1100 A.D., they have become an established part of the Indian Ocean trade routes Items such as Ivory, gold, tortoiseshell, etc. were traded to Arabia and Asia in return for jewels, cotton, manufactured goods New language arises—Swahili—blend of Arabic and native African languages (Bantu) languages 1300 A.D. - Over 35 trading seaport cities grow wealthy – arguably one of the wealthiest regions of the world during the 1300s. Trade from Northern and Western Africa would also make its way into Eastern African port cities

Influence of Islam Muslim merchants (from North Africa and Arabia) spread Islam as they trade on eastern coast Most cities governed by a Muslim sultan and officials – people who live in coastal cities have to read the Quran, adhere to the Five Pillars of Islam, and obey Sharia Most people in the region follow traditional religions or blend their old traditions with Islam – Syncretism Ex. Curanderismo – Prayers to saints and Mary w/ cleansings, spiritual contact, divination Africans sold on coast are sent to Arabia, Persia, and India 650 A.D. – 1900 A.D. – 20 Million Africans sold in Indian Ocean Slave Trade– Arab slavers intentionally came looking through the African kingdoms to buy prisoners, orphans, etc. to sell as slaves later 80 Million possibly died en route to destination 6-10 Male slaves in Islamic areas were castrated to prevent having children Many female slaves were kept in harems; often at the mercy of their master The Europeans who came into contact with slavers in the 1400s were influenced to later start the Trans Atlantic Slave Trade – Took African slaves to the Americas – needed to supply the labor in the plantations, etc. (10 -12 million)

Abeed/Abid = “Black”

Southern Africa and Great Zimbabwe Southern Africa also experienced development and prosperity due to trade Shona people build Great Zimbabwe—southeastern empire based on gold trade Shona farm and raise cattle between Zambezi and Limpopo rivers; Raised crops like pumpkin, soghum and yams. Well known for their stone sculptures After 1000, Great Zimbabwe Controlled gold trade routes to Sofala, eastern coast trade city – access to the Indian Ocean Trade Leaders Gained wealth by taxing traders and their goods that come through Great Zimbabwe Abandoned by 1450 for unknown reasons – theories run from the cattle grazing too much and farming had worn out the soil Ruins of Great Zimbabwe discovered in 1871 Overall, Africa was one of the richest regions in the world for hundreds of years

DBQ Requirements In total, there will be 6 paragraphs for this essay: Introduction Synthesis 3 body paragraphs (6 documents, use all/most) Conclusion Monday: Finish HIPPO analysis in class Tuesday: Turn in Introduction and Synthesis Wednesday: Turn in first two body paragraphs Thursday: Turn in last body paragraph and conclusion By Friday, all essay parts will have been submitted

Introduction/Synthesis B B – Provide background information to Islam – how was it founded, when, etc. (Use notes for help) A – Answer the Question – Look at the documents and list the different methods Muslims used to spread their religion (List them in 1-2 sentences). R – Reasons – Why would those methods be effective? Provide hints from the documents Synthesis: Compare Islamic expansion to that of another civilization: Roman Republic, Persia, etc. (Also look at notes to make comparisons) A R