The Challenges of Urbanization p. 262-266

Objectives Describe the movement of immigrants to cities and the opportunities they found Explain how cities dealt with housing, transportation, sanitation, and safety issues Describe some of the organizations and people who offered help to urban immigrants

Urban Opportunities Urbanization 2x as many Irish in NYC than Dublin Immigrants Settle in Cities Migration from Country to City Urbanization The growth of cities 2x as many Irish in NYC than Dublin 18 major U.S. Cities are >50% immigrant by 1910 The Americanization Movement Educational program designed to help immigrants assimilate to American Society

Urban Opportunities Farming tech improves Migration from Country to City Farming tech improves McCormick Reaper Iron plow African-Americans migrate north 200,000 move north and west Chicago Detriot

Urban Problems Buy homes on the outskirts of town Rent cramped rooms Housing Buy homes on the outskirts of town Rent cramped rooms Row housing Tenements Multifamily urban dwellings

Urban Problems Mass Transit Street Cars Subways Transportation Mass Transit Systems designed for moving large numbers of people Street Cars San Francisco – 1872 Subways Boston – 1897 Linked suburbs to cities

Urban Problems Horse manure Sewage out in the open Factory waste Water Sanitation Often supply was poor Indoor pluming was rare Horse manure Sewage out in the open Factory waste Poor trash collection

Urban Problems Pickpockets Water supply Police too small Crime Fire Pickpockets Police too small Water supply Mostly wooden buildings Candles/kerosene heaters Cincinnati, OH 1st paid firefighters – 1853

Reformers Mobilize Social Gospel Movement Settlement Houses The Settlement House Movement Social Gospel Movement Salvation through service of the poor Settlement Houses Community centers in slum neighborhoods that provide assistance