Nationalism November 30, 2018

Congress of Vienna In 1815, following Napoleon’s exile, the Great Powers met at the Congress of Vienna All lands taken by Napoleon were returned to their nations They reestablished the balance of power in Europe They reinstated the absolute monarchs Absolute monarch had to suppress democratic movements

Congress of Vienna Map

First Nationalist Movements Two main aspects Unification – peoples of common culture from different states were joined together Separation – groups splintered off from their current government to form one that was more representative of their own interests Liberals and radicals led the movement to create nation-states all over Europe

First Nationalist Movements Began in the Balkans with the Greeks rebelling against the Ottoman Empire With the help of Britain, France and Russia they became independent There were revolutions in Belgium, Italy and Russia but they were crushed

First Nationalist Movements France Charles X attempted to establish an absolute monarchy He was replaced by Louis-Philippe He soon lost favor and was overthrown for a republic in 1848

First Nationalist Movements The moderates took control, elected a president and established a parliamentary system Louis-Napoleon (Bonaparte's nephew) was elected president Four years later he took the title Emperor Napoleon III He stabilized and industrialized France

Nationalism November 30, 2018

German Unification German Confederation composed of 39 loosely joined states Austria and Prussia were the largest and most powerful Prussia Germanic population, powerful army and liberal constitution

German Unification Wilhelm I was in power supported by conservative Junkers (wealthy landowners) Wilhelm appointed Otto von Bismarck, a Junker, as his prime minister

German Unification Bismarck ruled under the policy realpolitik ‘the politics of reality’ Decisions of the day decided by blood and iron, not by speeches and vote Under this policy, he embarked on a campaign of German unification

German Unification There were 3 wars for German unification Austria and Prussia formed an alliance to take land from Denmark Seven Weeks War Bismarck created border conflicts with Austria to provoke them into declaring war on Prussia

Seven Weeks War Map

German Unification Franco-Prussian War Bismarck changed the wording of the Ems Telegram to make it appear that Wilhelm I insulted the French ambassador The French were provoked to declare war Napoleon III was defeated and German unification was complete

Franco-Prussian War Map German Unification

German Unification

Italian Unification Count Camillo di Cavour led the unification of the Northern Italian states Piedmont-Sardinia was the largest and most powerful and had a liberal constitution With the help of the French, Cavour won the Austrian-occupied land of northern Italy

Italian Unification At the same time, Giuseppe Garibaldi, leader of the Red Shirts, captured Sicily in the south Cavour persuaded Garibaldi to unite the two sections King Victor Emmanuel II led the united Italy Rome was its capital

4 shorts wars fought between 1859 and 1871 redrew the map of Europe For the next 4 decades these Great Powers would remain at peace

Map of Europe 1878