Friday, 30 November 2018 HOW TO ANSWER SOURCE QUESTIONS ON SURGERY QUESTION 3 Make sure you answer ALL Questions – especially Question 5 – this is worth the most marks. 2) Stick to a strict TIME LIMIT for Each Question as follows; - Question 1 – 6 Marks = 10 Minutes - Question 2 – 8 Marks = 10 Minutes - Question 3 – 10 Marks = 15 Minutes - Question 4 – 10 Marks = 15 Minutes - Question 5 – 16 Marks = 20 Minutes 3) ANSWER QUESTION 5 FIRST AND THEN WORK YOUR WAY BACKWARDS THROUGH THE PAPER. 3) PLAN your answers carefully – if the Question asks you to Use 4 sources and your own knowledge – you should usually write FIVE PARAGRAPHS – one paragraph on each of the sources and one paragraph on your own knowledge.

THE PROBLEM OF INFECTION Question 3 Study Source C and use your OWN KNOWLEDGE. Why was the problem of infection so great in the 1860’s? Explain your answer, using Source C and your own knowledge. (10 MARKS)

SOURCE C From ‘Lord Lister, His Life and Work’ by GT Wrench, published in 1913. Here he is writing about operations in the 1860s and 1870s. “In the early nineteenth century, only the most urgent operations were carried out. Then the removal of the dreadful pain which had made an operation such a gruesome thing, seemed to open a new era for surgery. However, in hospitals the new ‘blessing’ of anaesthetics also led to its own defeat. More operations were undertaken for smaller problems. As a result, infection and gangrene swept through the wards with increasing force.

Own knowledge READ THE SHEETS ‘FactZone’ – ‘The discovery of antiseptics’ ‘B – Anaesthetics and antiseptics’

WHY WAS PROBLEM OF INFECTION SO GREAT IN THE 1860’S SOURCE C OWN KNOWLEDGE

I HAVE A PLAN! PARAGRAPH 1 Write about what Source C tells you about why the problem of infection was so great in the 1860s. PARAGRAPH 2 Write about what your own knowledge tells you about why the problem of infection was so great in the 1860s.

HOW TO MARK ANSWERS Level One = 1 – 3 Marks = Grades G/F/E Simple statements from the source or own knowledge. Example – “they did too many operations” Level Two = 4 – 7 Marks = Grades D/C Statements are supported by information from the source and/or additional knowledge. Example – details the changes brought about by anaesthetics and describes the increase in the number and new types of operations when patients were not in pain. Links the increase in operations to increase in deaths in surgery when wounds became infected. Level Three = 8 – 10 Marks = Grades B/A/A* Uses the source and precise own knowledge. Example – Explains that the development of anaesthetics resulted in increased readiness of surgeons to undertaken operations involving more complex surgery. Uses additional knowledge, for example of the types of operations or the way infection was transmitted, to show that the rise in surgery, combined with the lack of understanding of the causes of wound infection led to the ‘black period’ of surgery.