sense / thought groups Pauses . , ; : - (but NOT high-resistance 13.5 U.S.) BEFORE conjunctions and, or, but, when SOMETIMES BEFORE prepositions as for after in (to)

Historians agree that Thomas Edison was not the inventor of the electric light bulb, but he did produce the first commercially viable one. Earlier light bulbs were experimented with as far back as 1802; and there were 23 others who had invented light bulbs. Thomas Edison’s serious light bulb research began in 1878 and he filed his first patent later that year. His experiments involved making and testing many different metal filaments, including platinum. Platinum was very difficult to work with, and prone to being weakened by heating and oxygen attack. In addition, platinum was expensive, and too low in resistance. Edison then resorted to a carbon-based, high-resistance, filament. One year later in October 1879, Edison successfully tested a filament that burned for 13.5 hours. Continuing to improve his design, by November 1879, he filed for a U.S. patent for an electric lamp using a carbon filament. By New Year, he was demonstrating lamps using carbonized cardboard filaments to large crowds at the Menlo Park laboratory. It was not until several months after the patent was granted that Edison and his team discovered that a carbonized bamboo filament could last over 1200 hours. A year later, Edison began manufacturing commercial lamps using carbonized Japanese bamboo as filaments. Throughout his career, Edison worked on many improvements to his invention, an invention that literally changed the way we live after dark. Prior to the light bulb, folks burned lamp oils or used manufactured natural gas for illumination, a rather dangerous way to provide light. Electric lights became cheap, safe, and convenient to use and the public and commercial concerns installed them in rapidly increasing numbers. The rest is history. Adapted from http://www.edisonmuckers.org/thomas-edison-lightbulb/ 35

Historians agree that Thomas Edison was not the inventor of the electric light bulb, but he did produce the first commercially viable one. Earlier light bulbs were experimented with as far back as 1802; and there were 23 others who had invented light bulbs. Thomas Edison’s serious light bulb research began in 1878 and he filed his first patent later that year. His experiments involved making and testing many different metal filaments, including platinum. Platinum was very difficult to work with, and prone to being weakened by heating and oxygen attack. In addition, platinum was expensive, and too low in resistance. Edison then resorted to a carbon-based, high-resistance, filament. One year later in October 1879, Edison successfully tested a filament that burned for 13.5 hours. Continuing to improve his design, by November 1879, he filed for a U.S. patent for an electric lamp using a carbon filament. By New Year, he was demonstrating lamps using carbonized cardboard filaments to large crowds at the Menlo Park laboratory. It was not until several months after the patent was granted that Edison and his team discovered that a carbonized bamboo filament could last over 1200 hours. A year later, Edison began manufacturing commercial lamps using carbonized Japanese bamboo as filaments. Throughout his career, Edison worked on many improvements to his invention, an invention that literally changed the way we live after dark. Prior to the light bulb, folks burned lamp oils or used manufactured natural gas for illumination, a rather dangerous way to provide light. Electric lights became cheap, safe, and convenient to use and the public and commercial concerns installed them in rapidly increasing numbers. The rest is history. Adapted from http://www.edisonmuckers.org/thomas-edison-lightbulb/ 35 + 6 =41

Historians agree that Thomas Edison was not the inventor of the electric light bulb, but he did produce the first commercially viable one. Earlier light bulbs were experimented with as far back as 1802; and there were 23 others who had invented light bulbs. Thomas Edison’s serious light bulb research began in 1878 and he filed his first patent later that year. His experiments involved making and testing many different metal filaments, including platinum. Platinum was very difficult to work with, and prone to being weakened by heating and oxygen attack. In addition, platinum was expensive, and too low in resistance. Edison then resorted to a carbon-based, high-resistance, filament. One year later in October 1879, Edison successfully tested a filament that burned for 13.5 hours. Continuing to improve his design, by November 1879, he filed for a U.S. patent for an electric lamp using a carbon filament. By New Year, he was demonstrating lamps using carbonized cardboard filaments to large crowds at the Menlo Park laboratory. It was not until several months after the patent was granted that Edison and his team discovered that a carbonized bamboo filament could last over 1200 hours. A year later, Edison began manufacturing commercial lamps using carbonized Japanese bamboo as filaments. Throughout his career, Edison worked on many improvements to his invention, an invention that literally changed the way we live after dark. Prior to the light bulb, folks burned lamp oils or used manufactured natural gas for illumination, a rather dangerous way to provide light. Electric lights became cheap, safe, and convenient to use and the public and commercial concerns installed them in rapidly increasing numbers. The rest is history. Adapted from http://www.edisonmuckers.org/thomas-edison-lightbulb/ 41 + 9 =50

Historians agree that Thomas Edison was not the inventor of the electric light bulb, but he did produce the first commercially viable one. Earlier light bulbs were experimented with as far back as 1802; and there were 23 others who had invented light bulbs. Thomas Edison’s serious light bulb research began in 1878 and he filed his first patent later that year. His experiments involved making and testing many different metal filaments, including platinum. Platinum was very difficult to work with, and prone to being weakened by heating and oxygen attack. In addition, platinum was expensive, and too low in resistance. Edison then resorted to a carbon-based, high-resistance, filament. One year later in October 1879, Edison successfully tested a filament that burned for 13.5 hours. Continuing to improve his design, by November 1879, he filed for a U.S. patent for an electric lamp using a carbon filament. By New Year, he was demonstrating lamps using carbonized cardboard filaments to large crowds at the Menlo Park laboratory. It was not until several months after the patent was granted that Edison and his team discovered that a carbonized bamboo filament could last over 1200 hours. A year later, Edison began manufacturing commercial lamps using carbonized Japanese bamboo as filaments. Throughout his career, Edison worked on many improvements to his invention, an invention that literally changed the way we live after dark. Prior to the light bulb, folks burned lamp oils or used manufactured natural gas for illumination, a rather dangerous way to provide light. Electric lights became cheap, safe, and convenient to use and the public and commercial concerns installed them in rapidly increasing numbers. The rest is history. Adapted from http://www.edisonmuckers.org/thomas-edison-lightbulb/ 50 + 7 =57 that

Historians agree that Thomas Edison was not the inventor of the electric light bulb, but he did produce the first commercially viable one. Earlier light bulbs were experimented with as far back as 1802; and there were 23 others who had invented light bulbs. Thomas Edison’s serious light bulb research began in 1878 and he filed his first patent later that year. His experiments involved making and testing many different metal filaments, including platinum. Platinum was very difficult to work with, and prone to being weakened by heating and oxygen attack. In addition, platinum was expensive, and too low in resistance. Edison then resorted to a carbon-based, high-resistance, filament. One year later in October 1879, Edison successfully tested a filament that burned for 13.5 hours. Continuing to improve his design, by November 1879, he filed for a U.S. patent for an electric lamp using a carbon filament. By New Year, he was demonstrating lamps using carbonized cardboard filaments to large crowds at the Menlo Park laboratory. It was not until several months after the patent was granted that Edison and his team discovered that a carbonized bamboo filament could last over 1200 hours. A year later, Edison began manufacturing commercial lamps using carbonized Japanese bamboo as filaments. Throughout his career, Edison worked on many improvements to his invention, an invention that literally changed the way we live after dark. Prior to the light bulb, folks burned lamp oils or used manufactured natural gas for illumination, a rather dangerous way to provide light. Electric lights became cheap, safe, and convenient to use and the public and commercial concerns installed them in rapidly increasing numbers. The rest is history. Adapted from http://www.edisonmuckers.org/thomas-edison-lightbulb/ 57 + 4 =61 clauses For emphasis

https://www. tefl. net/elt/ideas/read/greek-t-shirt/ FACTS VS https://www.tefl.net/elt/ideas/read/greek-t-shirt/ FACTS VS. ASSUMPTIONS Reading a text in a foreign language is a very complex process. It involves a variety of skills, ranging from what Neville Grant calls “plain sense reading” through “deductive reading” to “projective reading” (Grant 1987). Plain sense reading, is the ability to understand what is stated in a text. Deductive reading involves the ability to draw inferences – deductions – from what is stated in a text. Or, in Grant’s words, learners should be able to do more than just “read the lines”: they should be able to “read between the lines”. Projective reading, finally, involves the ability to relate a text to one’s personal opinions, knowledge, imagination, and experience. Learners should be able to “read beyond the lines” (Grant 1987:61).

Plain sense reading = understanding the text : ‘reading the lines’ Historians agree that Thomas Edison was not the inventor of the electric light bulb, but he did produce the first commercially viable one. Earlier light bulbs were experimented with as far back as 1802; and there were 23 others who had invented light bulbs. Thomas Edison’s serious light bulb research began in 1878 and he filed his first patent later that year. His experiments involved making and testing many different metal filaments, including platinum. Platinum was very difficult to work with, and prone to being weakened by heating and oxygen attack. In addition, platinum was expensive, and too low in resistance. Edison then resorted to a carbon-based, high-resistance, filament. One year later in October 1879, Edison successfully tested a filament that burned for 13.5 hours. Continuing to improve his design, by November 1879, he filed for a U.S. patent for an electric lamp using a carbon filament. By New Year, he was demonstrating lamps using carbonized cardboard filaments to large crowds at the Menlo Park laboratory. It was not until several months after the patent was granted that Edison and his team discovered that a carbonized bamboo filament could last over 1200 hours. A year later, Edison began manufacturing commercial lamps using carbonized Japanese bamboo as filaments. Throughout his career, Edison worked on many improvements to his invention, an invention that literally changed the way we live after dark. Prior to the light bulb, folks burned lamp oils or used manufactured natural gas for illumination, a rather dangerous way to provide light. Electric lights became cheap, safe, and convenient to use and the public and commercial concerns installed them in rapidly increasing numbers. The rest is history. Adapted from http://www.edisonmuckers.org/thomas-edison-lightbulb/ Plain sense reading = understanding the text : ‘reading the lines’ True or False : More than 20 people invented light bulbs. True or False : Thomas Edison never made a light bulb. Deductive reading = inferring : ‘reading between the lines’ Multiple Choice : When Thomas Edison started working on his light bulb …. A) there was a lot of competition B) there was little competition C) there was no competition Projective reading = relating to personal opinion, knowledge, imagination, experience : ‘reading beyond the lines’ Open response : Can you name a famous Mongolian inventor?