Changes in the social and food practices of indigenous people in the New Kingdom of Granada (Colombia): through artifacts  Diana Vernot  Journal of Ethnic Foods  Volume 5, Issue 3, Pages 177-183 (September 2018) DOI: 10.1016/j.jef.2018.08.001 Copyright © 2018 Korea Food Research Institute Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Confrontation between Spaniards and Native Americans (detail), in Van der Aa, Pieter. Collection of the most memorable trips in the Indies Oriental and Western. Leiden, 1707. Courtesy of the John Carter Brown Library at Brown University. Journal of Ethnic Foods 2018 5, 177-183DOI: (10.1016/j.jef.2018.08.001) Copyright © 2018 Korea Food Research Institute Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Map of Administrative Divisions of the New Kingdom of Granada (1538–1717). The New Kingdom was the name given to a group of Spanish colonial provinces in the north of South America from the 16th century until the beginning of the 18th century. These provinces responded directly to Spanish Crown. Atlas of old maps of Colombia 2nd edition. (Atlas de mapas antiguos de Colombia 2da. Ed). Journal of Ethnic Foods 2018 5, 177-183DOI: (10.1016/j.jef.2018.08.001) Copyright © 2018 Korea Food Research Institute Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Stoves. (A) Fogones de tres piedras (three stones stove). This kind of stove is always placed in soil. It was frequently used in the areas indigenous people assigned for cooking. Nowadays, it is possible to find them outside some houses in various regions of Colombia to cook sugar cane juice or traditional sweets. (B) Tulpas de Fogón (Tulpas of stove). Unlike the three-stone stove, this type is elevated, and it is used to cook any kind of preparations. It is also possible to find them outside houses in some regions of Colombia. Both pictures were taken in a field trip in the South Pacific region of Colombia. Journal of Ethnic Foods 2018 5, 177-183DOI: (10.1016/j.jef.2018.08.001) Copyright © 2018 Korea Food Research Institute Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Pumpkin bowl. This recipient is made from the fruit of the calabash tree, the scientific name of which is Crescentia cujete. This plant is originally from Tropical America, and it is easily found in all regions of Colombia. The fruit is left to dry and then used as a recipient. The pulp is rarely eaten as it is toxic if eaten raw, but when it is cooked, it is used as medicine. Nowadays, in some regions of Colombia, it is used to pour drinks such as chicha and for packing sweets. Journal of Ethnic Foods 2018 5, 177-183DOI: (10.1016/j.jef.2018.08.001) Copyright © 2018 Korea Food Research Institute Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Wooden roots. In the South Pacific region of Colombia, it is still possible to find this kind of roots to stir beverages (especially drinks made from coconut milk). The roots are taken from the mangrove tree. Journal of Ethnic Foods 2018 5, 177-183DOI: (10.1016/j.jef.2018.08.001) Copyright © 2018 Korea Food Research Institute Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Colander knitted with leave fibers. Many indigenous people have developed great skills to make baskets, cookware, and other artifacts, among those colanders are used to sift maize and some types of tubers such as cassava. Journal of Ethnic Foods 2018 5, 177-183DOI: (10.1016/j.jef.2018.08.001) Copyright © 2018 Korea Food Research Institute Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 Eating habits of the Native Americans of the Orinoco, in Joseph Gumilla's The Orinoco illustrated and defended, 1731, which included the natural history and civil and geographic divisions of this great river and its mighty slopes. Courtesy of the John Carter Brown Library at Brown University. Journal of Ethnic Foods 2018 5, 177-183DOI: (10.1016/j.jef.2018.08.001) Copyright © 2018 Korea Food Research Institute Terms and Conditions

Fig. 8 Burial of a Native American chief, as described by the chroniclers (details). Etching by Theodore de Bry, America moralis indiae, Frankfurt, 1602. Courtesy of the John Carter Brown Library at Brown University. Journal of Ethnic Foods 2018 5, 177-183DOI: (10.1016/j.jef.2018.08.001) Copyright © 2018 Korea Food Research Institute Terms and Conditions

Fig. 9 Missionary priest evangelizing Native Americans (Detail), in Diego Valades's Rhetorica christiana, 1579. Courtesy of the John Carter Brown Library at Brown University. Journal of Ethnic Foods 2018 5, 177-183DOI: (10.1016/j.jef.2018.08.001) Copyright © 2018 Korea Food Research Institute Terms and Conditions