United States and Canada History

I. Early Exploration American exploration Many native tribes lived in North America Spanish came first looking for gold. French and English come later French came looking for fishing and fur trade Leads to Columbian Exchange.

II. Growth of an Union Control French and English fought over territory-French and Indian War. English win, gain control of land east of the Mississippi River. Both the French and the British colonists were helped by their Indian allies. An ally is a friend in a war. The British army and British colonists were helped by the IroquoisIndians. The French were helped by the Hurons.

B. Colonists grow tired 1776 colonists sign and write Declaration of Independence. Stems from taxation. Win their independence and write the Constitution.

C. Growing the Nation Louisiana Purchase-1803 from France Sectionalism grows-North industrialized and South depended on slave labor. Civil war (1861-1865) North wins. SECTIONALISM is identification with a geographic section of the United States and the cultural, social, economic, and political interests of that section.

III. An Industrial and Urban Society A. Westward Movement 1. Many people migrate west (Manifest Destiny) 2. Removal of Indians becomes the focus 3. Transcontinental railroad completed in 1869. 4. Railroads transport products coast to coast. Long cattle drives come to an end. B. Industrialization and Urbanization New York City, Boston, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Detroit expand.

IV. World Power U.S. seemed self-sufficient. Removed from European conflict-Oceans Expansionism/Zimmerman Note led to World War I. Pearl Harbor Attack - Entered World War II.

B. Suburbs, Civil Rights, Technology Movement to suburbs and warmer climates Many immigrants came from Latin America and Asia. 1960’s and 1970’s Civil Rights movement for African Americans Women’s Role changed-started working outside the home. Vietnam-student protests Computers are on the rise creating a shift to the modern era.

C. Global Cold War International leader

CANADA’S HISTORY

I. Early Settlement Vikings Leif Eriksson leads expedition to Newfoundland. 1497 John Cabot lands there B. First ones Inuit's (Eskimos) are the first to settle. 16th and 17th century, French claimed most of Canada. French Indian War-English take control- French settlers decided to stay.

II. Unity 2 Cultures- Roman Catholic French and Protestant English. 1791- British Gov. dealt with conflict. Upper Canada created (Ontario) for English-speaking majority. Lower Canada- along St. Lawrence River-French. (Quebec)

C. Dominion of Canada Quebec City, Montreal, Toronto, became major cities in Canada. Railways and canals built. Political and Ethnic disputes lead to British North America Act in 1867-Creation of Dominion of Canada. Ottawa becomes the capital. 1869 gained Rupert’s Land and in 1871 Manitoba, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island added. Others came later.

III. Continental Expansion and Development Building 1872- beginning transcontinental railroad. 1885-main line complete Montreal to Vancouver. Gold found in the Yukon territory- led to more immigration.

B. Urban and Industrial Growth 1. Early on, most engaged in farming. 2. Population growth and natural resources led to a more urban growth 3. Most growth took place within a 100 miles of U.S. border-climate was warmer, land more productive, and better transportation.

IV. Governing Canada 1931 Recognized as an independent nation. Canada has a parliamentary government- legislature and executive functions are combined in legislature called a parliament. Central gov. and small provincial and territorial governments govern Canada. British monarch is still symbolic head of state. Parliament Consists of appointed Senate and elected House of Commons. Majority party’s leader in Parliament becomes Prime Minister or head of Gov. Each province has its own legislature and premier (prime minister).