The Hollywood Studio Age Domination by the Studio The Seven Ages of Film The Hollywood Studio Age 1932 - 1946 Domination by the Studio Genre movies World War II

History The increased costs of film making had created the Studio system. It had complex financing and control systems designed to ensure that the film would return a profit. Expensive technologies Cast of actors Technicians Investors

Studio System controlling production Studio system of STARS under exclusive contracts Independents defied trust, moved to Hollywood; Created star system Mary Pickford, early star. (One of founders of United Artists) http://www.cobbles.com/simpp_archive/mary-pickford_brownlo.htm 3

Studio System United Artists broke away from studio system: Mary: http://www.cobbles.com/simpp_archive/mary-pickford_brownlo.htm Douglas: http://www.famous-couple.com/famous_couple-douglas_fairbanks_jr-joan_crawford.htm Charlie: http://www.ex.ac.uk/bill.douglas/Schools/stars/stars3.htm Griffith: http://silentgents.com/PGriffithDW.html 4

The Golden Age of Hollywood Color Films Advance Technicolor developed 3 color films based on Red, Green and Yellow combinations. Wizard of Oz – 1939 Gone With the Wind – 1939 Expensive, but very successful

Golden Age Formulas Western slapstick comedy Film Noir musical cartoon biopic… depending on the studio.

The Studios controlled the Directors: Gibbons & Stothard - MGM Cecil B deMille - Paramount Newman & King - Twentieth Century Fox Controlled the Actors: Bogart & Bacall - Warner Bros Garland - MGM

A studio is a factory for film production. Technicians, Directors and actors all on salary and expected to work as required by contract. Directors expected to produce films compared with modern system where a Director may only make one film a year. e.g. Between 1930-39 the big directors: Curtiz made 44 films (Warner Bros ), Leroy made 36 and John Ford made 26.

Studio system meant that Director had little control over final product as final editing was done by post-production unit with Studio executives often making final decisions. RESULT: Studios had recognisable styles: MGM - glossy production values + middle brow content. Paramount = European Universal = Horror Republic = Western

Triumph of Hollywood Storytelling Hollywood Genres by making films that fall into genres, Hollywood provides familiar models that can be imitated. (romance, horror, etc) Product standardization Product differentiation

History This meant that films across all studios had intellectual conformity that reflected public concerns, shared myths, and more as the films were designed to fit into the market rather than reflect the concerns of the Directors.

World War II Studios became propaganda machines for the War Effort. Films patriotic and focused on concerns of those on the home-front as they worried over those on the battle field as the stills from “Freedom Comes High” (1943) shows

1940s Studios BIG FIVE Paramount MGM RKO Warner Bros. Twentieth Century Fox LITTLE THREE Columbia Universal United Artists

The Internationalist Age Hollywood Studio decline The Seven Ages of Film The Internationalist Age 1947 - 1959 Hollywood Studio decline The challenge of TV

History 1947-59 WWII delayed the TV age but post war the threat of TV re-emerged. 1946-51 Studios ordered to divest theatre chains - reluctance meant that they failed to capitalise on the possibilities of the TV as a medium for film. Result: A period of mergers and consolidations as the Studios lost their power.

Triumph of Hollywood Storytelling Alternatives to Hollywood Bollywood China Hong Kong Japan S. Korea

History 1947-59 LARGE FILM STUDIOS BUY TV/MEDIA DISTRIBUTORS RESULT: 1) A horizontal control of the media with the Media Conglomerates able to exploit Film, TV, Books, CD, record, DVD publication for mass profit. 2) Individual contracting systems for “talent” rather than salaried staff favoured by the Studios. Actors, Directors, Technicians contracted for single movies. 3) The advent of the “Blockbuster” disaster genre as the Conglomerates look to mass saturation marketing and maximised profit. 4) Smaller Production houses move into specialised niche audience orientated films.