Observing Supernova Neutrinos to Late Times Shirley Li The Ohio State University Collaborators: Luke Roberts, John Beacom TeVPA, August 2017

? Timescale of a SN Detectable! 2/11 Shirley Li (OSU) Figure credit: R.J. Hall 2/11

First input -- simulation Luke Roberts Blondin et al., 2003 Shirley Li (OSU) 3/11

4/11

Late-time neutrinos are interesting! Neutrino luminosity NS! 1/t behavior Transparency time Connects SN and NS Preliminary Late-time neutrinos are interesting! Shirley Li (OSU) 5/11

Late-time neutrinos are robust! Neutrino energy Moderate mixing effect Preliminary Late-time neutrinos are robust! Shirley Li (OSU) 6/11

𝜈 𝑒 signal rate in Super-K 𝜈 𝑒 +𝑝→ 𝑒 + +𝑛 Inputs: 10 kpc SN 22.5 kton 3.5 MeV threshold Preliminary Plenty of events in Super-K! Shirley Li (OSU) 7/11

Other flavors Shirley Li (OSU) 8/11

Alternative outcome -- BH Different mechanisms for BH formation Preliminary BH may form at late times Shirley Li (OSU) 9/11

Detecting BH formation Detection significance of BH formation Preliminary We can detect BH formation at late times Shirley Li (OSU) 10/11

Conclusions Shirley Li (OSU) 11/11

Thank you!

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Easily reconstruct neutrino spectrum 𝜈 𝑒 energy spectrum 𝜈 𝑒 +𝑝→ 𝑒 + +𝑛 𝐸 𝑒 + = 𝐸 𝜈 𝑒 − 1.3 MeV --- known detection threshold Preliminary Easily reconstruct neutrino spectrum Shirley Li (OSU)

Plenty of events to late time in DUNE! 𝜈 𝑒 signal rate in DUNE 𝜈 𝑒 +40Ar→ 𝑒 − +40 K ∗ Inputs: 10 kpc SN 40 kton 5 MeV threshold Preliminary Plenty of events to late time in DUNE! Shirley Li (OSU)

Detection threshold needs to reach ~ 5 MeV 𝜈 𝑒 energy spectrum 𝜈 𝑒 +40Ar→ 𝑒 − +40 K ∗ 𝐸 𝑒 = 𝐸 𝜈 𝑒 − 5.8 MeV --- unknown detection threshold Preliminary Detection threshold needs to reach ~ 5 MeV Shirley Li (OSU)

Non-negligible events at late time 𝜈 𝑥 signal rate 𝜈 𝑥 +𝑝→ 𝜈 𝑥 +𝑝 Inputs: 10 kpc SN 22.5 kton 0.1, 0.2 MeV threshold Preliminary Non-negligible events at late time Shirley Li (OSU)

Detection threshold is crucial 𝜈 𝑥 energy spectrum 𝜈 𝑥 +𝑝→ 𝜈 𝑥 +𝑝 𝐸 det ≪ 𝐸 𝜈 𝑥 --- unknown detection threshold Preliminary Detection threshold is crucial Shirley Li (OSU)