Building Construction I Introduction Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 1

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 2 Environment – surroundings which can be natural or man-made or a combination of these Natural Environment Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 2

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 3 Built Environment – created by man with or without the aid of the natural environment Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 3

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 4 Built Environment Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 4

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 5 Physical considerations of built environment Natural contours of land Natural vegetation and trees Size of land and/or proposed building Shape of land and/or proposed building Approach and access roads and foot paths Building regulations Services available Natural waterways, lakes and ponds Restrictions such as rights of way, tree preservation and ancient buildings Climatic conditions created by surrounding properties, land or activities Proposed future developments Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 5

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 6 Natural environment – its effect on the building Shape determined by existing trees Split level construction to form economic shape Stepped elevation or similar treatment to blend with the natural environment Plateau or high ground solution giving dry site conditions on sloping sites Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 6

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 7 The Structure – Basic Types Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 7

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 8 The Structure – Basic Types Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 8

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 9 The Structure – Basic Types Strut is a structural member which is mainly subjected to compressional forces Vertical strut usually called a column stanchion or pier Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 9

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 10 The Structure – Basic Types Tie is a structural member which is subjected mainly to tensional forces Loads are transmitted around arches to the basements Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 10

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 11 The Structure – Basic Forms Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 11

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 12 The Structure – Basic Forms SOLID CONSTRUCTION Structurally limited Confined usually to buildings of low height and short spans PANEL OR BOX CONSTRUCTION Structure consists of a series of interconnected plates forming structural walls and floors FRAMED OR SKELETAL CONSTRUCTION Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 12

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 13 The Structure – Basic Forms TRUSSED STRUCTURE The basis of a truss is triangulation. The truss must be divided in triangles One edge of the triangle is in compression while the other two edges are in tension. Thus in a truss there is no bending Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 13

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 14 The Structure – Basic Forms FOLDED PLATE CONSTRUCTION Flat slab folded so that roof will behave as a beam spanning along fold Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 14

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 15 The Structure – Basic Forms Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 15

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 16 Shell roofs – these are formed by a structural curved skin covering a given plan shape and area The Structure – Basic Forms Shell roofs Translational dome– formed by a curved line moving over another curved line Barrel vault– cut cylinder giving a single curvature shell Dome or rotational shell– double curvature shell formed by rotating a plain curved shape about a vertical axis Pendentive dome– Hemispherical rotational dome supported on pendentives Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 16

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 17 CONOID SHELLS Double curvature shells The Structure – Basic Forms HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID Double curvature saddle shaped shell Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 17

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 18 The Structure – Basic Forms SPACE DECK a series of interconnected inverted pyramids SPACE FRAME a series of interconnected grids Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 18

SPACE FRAME People consider 3-dimensional space frames as a flat plate with many holes in it A space frame is a truss that works in two directions. T it behaves in the same way that the trusses do: the upper chord supports the compression, and the lower chord holds the tension Space frames can be made using different forms- pyramids and tetrahedrals Space frames cover very large spans and hence used for big buildings

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 20 The Structure – Basic Forms TENSION MEMBRANE STRUCTURE Net of cables forming tension membrane Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 20

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 21 The Structure – Basic Forms A structural and weather proof membrane is attached (teflon coated glass fiber) long spans, or when a light weight structure is required Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 21

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 22 The Structure – Basic Forms Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 22

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 23 Parts of the Structure Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 23

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 24 Parts of the Structure Substructure Superstructure Substructure All structure below the super structure All structure below the ground level but including the floor bed Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 24

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 25 Parts of the Structure Super structure All structure above substructure both internally and externally All structure below the ground level but including the floor bed Composed of Primary elements Secondary elements Finishes Services and fittings Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 25

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 26 Parts of the Structure Super structure Secondary elements – completion of the structure around and within openings in primary elements Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 26

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 27 Parts of the Structure Super structure Finish– the final surface which can be self finished as with a trowelled concrete surface or an applied finish such as floor tiles Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 27