Building Construction I Introduction Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 1

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 2 Environment – surroundings which can be natural or man-made or a combination of these Natural Environment Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 2

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 3 Built Environment – created by man with or without the aid of the natural environment Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 3

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 4 Built Environment Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 4

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 5 Physical considerations of built environment Natural contours of land Natural vegetation and trees Size of land and/or proposed building Shape of land and/or proposed building Approach and access roads and foot paths Building regulations Services available Natural waterways, lakes and ponds Restrictions such as rights of way, tree preservation and ancient buildings Climatic conditions created by surrounding properties, land or activities Proposed future developments Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 5

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 6 Natural environment – its effect on the building Shape determined by existing trees Split level construction to form economic shape Stepped elevation or similar treatment to blend with the natural environment Plateau or high ground solution giving dry site conditions on sloping sites Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 6

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 7 The Structure – Basic Types Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 7

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 8 The Structure – Basic Types Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 8

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 9 The Structure – Basic Types Strut is a structural member which is mainly subjected to compressional forces Vertical strut usually called a column stanchion or pier Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 9

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 10 The Structure – Basic Types Tie is a structural member which is subjected mainly to tensional forces Loads are transmitted around arches to the basements Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 10

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 11 The Structure – Basic Forms SOLID CONSTRUCTION Structurally limited Confined usually to buildings of low height and short spans PANEL OR BOX CONSTRUCTION Structure consists of a series of interconnected plates forming structural walls and floors FRAMED OR SKELETAL CONSTRUCTION Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 11

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 12 The Structure – Basic Forms FOLDED PLATE CONSTRUCTION Flat slab folded so that roof will behave as a beam spanning along fold Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 12

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 13 Shell roofs – these are formed by a structural curved skin covering a given plan shape and area The Structure – Basic Forms Shell roofs Translational dome– formed by a curved line moving over another curved line Barrel vault– cut cylinder giving a single curvature shell Dome or rotational shell– double curvature shell formed by rotating a plain curved shape about a vertical axis Pendentive dome– Hemispherical rotational dome supported on pendentives Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 13

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 14 CONOID SHELLS Double curvature shells The Structure – Basic Forms HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID Double curvature saddle shaped shell Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 14

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 15 The Structure – Basic Forms SPACE DECK a series of interconnected inverted pyramids SPACE FRAME a series of interconnected grids Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 15

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 16 The Structure – Basic Forms TENSION MEMBRANE STRUCTURE Net of cables forming tension membrane Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 16

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 17 PARTS OF A BUILDING Foundation Plinth Basement filling Ground floor Internal wall External wall Staircase Lintel Door First Floor Partition wall Ceiling Flat roof Sloping roof Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 17

Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 18 Section through a wall Foundation Hard core (Basement filling) Plinth Ground floor Sill Window - Jamb ( vertical wall on both sides of doorway or window opening) Lintel Corbel Ceiling Upper floor String course with throating Frieze (stone cornice below cornice) Cornice Blocking course Terrace Parapet DPC under coping Coping Building Construction I Sofia Sebastian 18