Details of… Endoparasites Laboratory Procedures

Remember Endoparasites?

Major Classes of Endoparasites Helminths ______________________ Unicellular Organisms

Nematodes In general are _____________in cross section, longer than they are wide and are _______________________. Can be in a variety of lengths. (_____________ smaller than ____________________) Significant cause of disease in dogs and cats Have varied life cycles

Roundworms Medical Name: Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati, Toxascaris leonina All three of these are common among dogs and cats. Live in the ____________________ Vary in length from 3 – 18 cm (average ~ 7” in length)

Roundworms – cont’d Methods of transmission: _________________________________

Roundworms – cont’d The eggs of Toxocara spp. can survive on the soil for several years. (Fresh feces are NOT _________________) Eggs are ingested and hatch in ____________, penetrate bowel wall, enter _________bloodstream, wander through the __________and end up in the _____________. They are coughed up and swallowed, molt in _______________and mature in ___________________________. Entire life cycle can take as little as 4-5 weeks.

Toxocara canis ova Thick rough, braid-like membrane

Adult Toxocara canis

Toxocara cati Thinner, smoother membrane.

Toxascaris leonina On 10x magnification Nucleus of ova doesn’t take up as much space. Resembles a “leo” eye

Toxocara sp. - Clinical Signs Heavy infections can produce ________________________________, and ______________of the intestinal tract. Pulmonary edema, ___________________, nasal discharge, and _______________ respiratory rates may also be seen. Vomiting, diarrhea, emaciation, dull hair coat and restlessness are also often seen.

Toxocara Transmission to Humans Toxocara larvae can cause: __________________ larval migrans

Ocular Larval Migrans

Hookworms Medical name: Ancylostoma caninum, Ancylostoma tubaeforme, Ancylostoma braziliense, and Uncinaria stenocephala Of these, the most commonly seen are: ______________________________ Caninum (dogs) and tubaeforme (cats)

Ancylostoma spp. Seen in over ________% of adult dogs Live in the ________________________ Methods of transmission: _______________________________

Ancylostoma spp. Growth and maturation process after ingestion is between ____________days. Female can lay up to 30,000 eggs per day In environment, there are 3 stages: ______, _______________and ___________. (Takes 5 days) __________ stage is _____________stage.

Ancylostoma - Migration Once in new host, some will burrow back into ____________to complete maturity Others may burrow from __________to _______and mature there. Ascend up ________, cause ___________and are swallowed. Worm goes back to ____________ to mature.

Ancylostoma ova All ancylostoma ovum look similar and are relatively close in size.

Adult Ancylostoma caninum

Ancylostoma Clinical Signs Major CS are associated with ______ loss and ______ irritation. Weakness, _________, diarrhea, _______ or _________stools, anorexia, depression, and death may also occur. Larvae may wander into other organs causing secondary signs of ___________ and ______________.

Ancylostoma Transmission to Humans Infective larvae can penetrate the skin causing ________________________________

Whipworms Medical name: Trichuris vulpis Trichuris serrata Trichuris campanula Of these, most common is ___________________ Vulpis = Canine Others = Feline and are rare.

T. vulpis Common in _______ and ___________ dogs (not often seen in very young b/c of ____________ period of 70-90 days) Rare in __________ Live in _______________(From ____________ through ______________.) Method of transmission: Primarily _______________ (direct) LIVE in intestines from Jejunum-Colon

T. vulpis Eggs are passed in the ____________ Eggs are ingested by host and hatch in ________________________. Larvae migrate _______________, where they mature.

T. vulpis – Clinical Signs Depend on the ______________ of parasites present, but can include: Intermittent diarrhea, weight loss, emaciation, anemia, abdominal pain, flatulence, and “_________________________”.

Trichuris vulpis ova

Trichuris vulpis Eggs are double _______________. (Have 2 opercules, have an opercule on each end) Makes it easier for _______ to hatch from egg Eggs can live under proper conditions in the soil for up to _______ years.

Adult Whipworm

Heartworms Medical name: _________________ Vector is _______________ Common in dogs, cats, ________and some __________ Filarid = _________________________ Pseudoheartworm exists that is not pathogenic (________________________________)

Dirofilaria v- Acanthocheilonema Remember that microfilaria are one of the ______________forms of the true and imposter heartworm Acanthocheilonema are usually _____________ There are 3 main physical differences between the two microfilaria: _________________

Dirofilaria v- Acanthocheilonema Microfilaria of Dirofilaria: ____________ tail _____________head __________________________ movement (no forward mvmt.) Microfilaria of Acanthocheilonema: ______________________ tail ______________ head _________________ forward movement

Dirofilaria immitis

Acanthocheilonema reconditum

Dirofilaria immitis Named “Heartworm” because it lodges in the ________return of the heart; primarily the ______atria & ventricle. Inhibits the flow of blood to and from the heart. Vector is __________________. Adults can live _______ - _______ years. Prepatent period = ____ months

D. Immitis – Clinical Signs Usually _____________________as disease progresses. _______________weight loss Loss of _____________. Coughing Accumulation of _____________ fluid ________________ breathing __________________temperature _________________MM

D. Immitis - Diagnosis “SNAP” test Blood smear Detects the hormone from the adult ________________worm Blood smear Looks for ______________ in the blood Once diagnosed, disease state is ____________ (___________) from 1-4

Classes of Heartworm Disease Class 1 (Mild)    Occasional cough, fatigue with exercise, or mild loss of condition           Class 2 (Moderate)  Occasional cough, fatigue with exercise, or mild to moderate loss of condition  Class 3 (Severe)  General loss of condition: fatigue with mild activity; occasional or persistent cough  Class 4 (Very Severe) _____________ Syndrome http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VOLzFsNOJ-4&feature=player_embedded             

“___________” of Caval Syndrome

2010 Heartworm disease cases per reporting clinic

Cestodes _____________________ (flea tapeworm) _______________spp. (tapeworm not requiring ____________ as intermediate host.)

Dipylidium caninum (Flea tapeworm) Most common tapeworm found in dogs and cats Animal becomes infected by ingesting the _________________________, the flea. Can infect ________________ Indicates presence of _____________ May see ________________ on perianal area or can see _____________________ on fecal flotation. The asexual process of forming segments is termed ________________________.

Dipylidium caninum scolex From Jessica Derry and Jessie Benson

Taenia (Tapeworm) Found as taenia pisiformis, taenia hydatigena, and taenia ovis. Acquired by eating cysticerci (______________) in rabbits. (__________________of the host)

Trematodes (Flukes) Platynosomum fastosum (lizard poisoning fluke of cats) Nanopyetus salmincola (salmon poisoning fluke of dogs) Alaria (intestinal flukes of dogs and cats) Fasciola Hepatica (common liver fluke)

Platynosomum fastosum (Lizard poisoning fluke of cats) Adult flukes of cats inhabit the _________, ________________, ________ducts, and _________________.

Nanophyetus salmincola (Salmon poisoning fluke) Vector for Neorickettsia helmintheca, ____________ poisoning disease in dogs. Called “Elokomin fluke fever” Causes _________________________ with generalized lymphadenopathy, vomiting, ____________, lethargy, inappetence, fever, and ___________. Found in Pacific Northwest region of North America

Alaria (intestinal flukes) Found throughout the northern half of North America Mostly ____________________. __________ migration may cause some damage Minor zoonotic potential from _________ stages from intermediate hosts.

Fasciola hepatica (Liver Fluke) Requires an ________________ as an intermediate host. Has been identified World-wide and is responsible for substantial losses of cattle and sheep. _____________ stage that migrates to the _________ after ingestion is the infective stage. Feeds on liver tissue for _________ before migrating to the bile duct where it begins to produce eggs. (Can reproduce ___________) Mild infection = about ________ eggs produced per day per fluke with one animal depositing about ______________ eggs daily in a pasture. Is capable of causing disease in humans who _______________________________ growing near snails habitat. Clinical signs in animals include ________________, and __________________. (_____________is only occasionally seen)

Fasciola hepatica Ova

Coccidians and Protozoans Are __________________ celled organisims. Are generally very __________________. Typically live in the ___________________ of both dogs and cats. Rarely a problem in the ______________ animal.

Coccidians (Are a type of _________________) ________________ spp. ________________

Coccidians – cont’d Produce a condition called “coccidiosis” in the young animal. Most common Clinical Sign is diarrhea which can lead to _____________, possibly due to _________________ and other loss of nourishment. Diagnosed by seeing ___________ in fecal floatation of fresh feces.

Eimeria oocyst vs- Cestode ova

Isospora spp.

Toxoplasma gondii Is _______________ Definitive host is any member of ______________ family Can cross placental barrier in _____________ and cause spontaneous _______________.

__________________: “Super egg” that can remain dormant for a considerable amount of time in the environment until ingested by a host. __________________: “fast dividers” Are the oocysts that are rapidly dividing and causing infection in the host. __________________: “slow dividers” Are the oocysts that are semi-dormant in a host that is not the definitive host. Can begin life-cycle again if this host is consumed by definitive host. May also cause chronic infection.

Toxoplasma gondii (Toxo) May cause transient diarrhea in cats Highly pathogenic to humans, especially fetus in utero

Protozoans (Are not necessarily coccidians) Anaplasma (and other blood parasites) ________________ Are a ________________ protozoan NOT a coccidian Cause _____________ Occur as __________ or __________________ in fecal floatation Transmitted primarily by ___________________________, or _______________________________

Giardia ______________