Waptia and the Diversification of Brood Care in Early Arthropods Jean-Bernard Caron, Jean Vannier  Current Biology  Volume 26, Issue 1, Pages 69-74 (January 2016) DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.006 Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 General Morphology of Waptia fieldensis from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale The head of this “bivalved” arthropod has prominent stalked eyes and a pair of long antennules. The body bears four pairs of short post-antennular appendages converging toward the mouth followed by six pairs of lamellate appendages with a possible swimming and/or respiratory function. The body terminates in a long tubular, limbless abdomen with a bilobed tail fan. (A–C) Waptia fieldensis: USNM 114259, lateral view (A); USNM 57681, lateral view (B); USNM 268270, dorsal view (C). USNM, United States National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC; all cross-polarized light images. Scale bars represent 1 cm. ab, abdomen; an, antennule; ca, carapace; ey, eye; la, lamellate appendage; pa, post-antennular appendage; tf, tail fan. Current Biology 2016 26, 69-74DOI: (10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.006) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Waptia fieldensis from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Preserved with Eggs (A and B) ROM 63357; composite images of both part and counterpart showing egg clusters on both sides of the carapace. (C and D) ROM 63354; laterally preserved specimen with phase map (D) emphasizing the distinct preservation of the eggs; the inner part (pink color) is preserved in carbon, calcium, and sulfur and the outer part in aluminum and potassium (green color; see also Figure S1). (E–H) ROM 63355; dorsoventrally preserved specimen showing egg clusters on both sides of the carapace and the smallest eggs observed. (G and H) SEM close-ups of one egg (lower frame in E) and distinct margin rich in carbon. (A, B, and I) Cross-polarized light images. (I–L) ROM 63356; laterally preserved specimen with composite elemental maps (Al, K, C, Ca, P, S, Fe, Cu, Si, O) of both part and counterpart (frame in I) (see also Figure S2). (K) Detail of one egg (see lower right frame above the general carbon map area in J) and (L) SEM detail of the carbon-rich ring observed in the framed area in (K). White arrows indicate eggs, blue arrows represent a carbon-rich ring possibly representing the extent of the yolk, dashed line in (K) represents the extent of the carbon film observed on the counterpart (see carbon map in J) showing the clear overlap between this film and the carbon-rich ring. Abbreviations (see also Figure 1): ds, dark stain; ec, egg cluster; l, left; r, right. Scale bars of (A–C), (E), and (I) represent 5 mm; Scale bars of (D) and (F) represent 2 mm; Scale bars of (G) and (K) represent 300 μm; Scale bar of (L) represents 100 μm; and scale bar of (H) represents 50 μm. See also Figures S1–S3. Current Biology 2016 26, 69-74DOI: (10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.006) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Three Different Types of Brood Care in Early Paleozoic Arthropods (A) Waptia fieldensis (middle Cambrian) with eggs brooded between the inner surface of the carapace and the body. (B) Kunmingella douvillei (early Cambrian) with eggs attached to endopods and gathered ventrally. (C) Myodocopid ostracod (Upper Ordovician to Recent) with eggs brooded posteriorly within the carapace chamber. All idealized transverse sections (body in gray, eggs in light red, ventilatory appendage in blue); not to scale; see also Figure S4. Current Biology 2016 26, 69-74DOI: (10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.006) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions