Final Lab Exam 4 parts Fossil Correlation Relative Dating Contouring Reading Topo Maps

Fossil Correlation Remember unique groups In order to correlate you must have the unique groups in all columns If a fossil appears in only 1 time period it is considered unique

Miss Ord

Relative Dating Remember principles Crosscutting relationships Inclusions Original horizontality Stratigraphic Superposition Unconformities

Contouring Reminders Can not cross Can not touch Can not bifurcate Do not dead end in map area V upstream

Use an interval of 10 feet 47 47 52 46 47 55 53 53 54 63 51 45 43 46 46 48 39 50 38 56 38 47 38 50 37 37 44 40 A A’ 39 42 45 52 32 52 36 37 30 28 40 32 44 38 35 32 47 30 22 23 35 34 18 28 25 43 35 33 17 27 28 70 This presentation explains how to create a contour and profile exercise. You will be provided base maps and graphs as seen above for all exercises. The top half of this exercise is a map as seen from above. The top of the map is north, the bottom south. Each dot on the map is labeled with the elevation of the lands surface at that exact point. Your objective is to separate regions of similar elevations on the map by drawing CONTOUR lines. Then you will draw a line across the graph, in the lower part of the exercise, which will portray the changing elevation as you across the map, in the upper part of the exercise, from A to A’. 60 50 40 30 20 10

Use an interval of 10 feet 47 47 52 46 47 55 53 53 54 63 51 45 43 46 46 50 48 39 38 56 38 47 38 50 37 37 44 40 A A’ 52 39 42 45 32 52 36 37 30 28 40 32 44 47 38 35 32 30 22 23 35 34 18 28 25 43 35 33 17 27 28 70 Identify the high and low elevations in the map area. Place these numbers on the side of the graph in the lower part of the page and draw arrows as shown. This graph will represent the 3rd dimension across the mapping area. The contour interval is the change in elevation between any two contour lines and may be different for other map areas. The interval chosen depends on the “relief – difference between high and low values” and aims to give a good coverage of lines without crowding them together. The contour lines you will draw have full values of the increment. In this example they are all divisible by “10”. In this exercise, you can see the elevations of (20, 30, 40, 50, 60) exist between the low and high areas of the map (and graph). These five elevation lines much show up on your finished map. 63 17 60 50 40 30 20 10

Use an interval of 10 feet 47 47 52 46 47 55 53 53 54 63 51 45 43 46 46 50 48 39 38 56 38 47 38 50 37 37 44 40 A A’ 52 39 42 45 32 52 36 37 30 28 40 32 44 47 38 35 32 30 22 23 35 34 18 28 25 43 35 33 17 27 28 70 Choose contrasting colors for each of the elevation regions and shade these colors BETWEEN the elevation values on the graph. Notice how each elevation line on the graph (contour line on the map) separates regions of color . This will be seen on the map as you work through the exercise. 63 17 60 50 40 30 20 10

Use an interval of 10 feet 47 47 52 46 47 55 53 53 54 63 45 43 46 46 48 39 50 38 56 38 47 38 50 37 37 44 40 A A’ 52 39 42 45 32 52 36 37 30 28 40 32 44 47 38 35 32 30 22 23 35 34 18 28 25 43 35 33 17 27 28 70 On the map, color the elevation dots to match, leaving the full values of the interval “black”. When you draw the contour line it will go through any black dots. The line will separate regions of the map by elevation. For instance, all blue dots will lay between the “20” and “30” foot elevation lines. 63 17 60 50 40 30 20 10

Use an interval of 10 feet 47 47 52 46 47 55 53 53 54 63 51 50 45 43 60 46 46 50 39 50 48 38 56 50 38 47 50 38 50 37 37 40 44 40 A A’ 42 45 52 39 32 52 36 37 30 28 40 32 30 44 32 47 38 35 30 22 23 35 34 20 18 28 30 25 43 35 33 17 27 28 70 Next, draw the contour lines separating the elevation regions. Note here that the lines form a “V”, pointing upstream as they across rivers. This is a typical erosional pattern. Notice that like colored dots are enclosed between contour lines. You can shade in the top part of the exercise if it helps you visual the traverse. 63 17 60 50 40 30 20 10

Use an interval of 10 feet 47 47 52 46 47 55 53 53 54 63 51 50 45 43 60 46 46 50 48 39 50 38 56 50 38 47 50 38 50 37 37 40 44 40 A A’ 42 45 52 39 32 52 36 37 30 28 40 32 30 44 38 35 32 47 30 22 23 35 34 20 18 28 30 25 43 35 33 17 27 28 70 Finally you will draw the side view of the map area in the graph at the bottom of the worksheet. Imagine you could slice the map along the line A to A’ and look at its side. You would see the relief along its surface. At each intersection of this cross-section line (A – A’), where ever it crosses one of the contour lines, you can plot a dot on the graph which represents that elevation. Since the A to A” line on the map begins in the PINK 50-60 region we can place a dot near the midpoint on that side of the graph. The same can be done for the end of the line, which in this case also ends in the PINK. 60 A A’ 50 40 30 20 10

Use an interval of 10 feet 47 47 52 46 47 55 53 53 54 63 51 50 45 43 60 46 46 50 39 50 48 38 56 50 38 47 50 38 50 37 37 40 44 40 A A’ 42 45 52 39 32 52 36 37 30 28 40 32 30 44 47 38 35 32 30 22 23 35 34 20 30 18 28 28 25 43 35 33 17 27 28 70 Now connect the dots paying attention to whether you should be above or below the elevation line on the graph. Be sure to continue this line to the edges of the graph. This exercise is now complete. I have removed the colors above the profile line for illustration. 60 50 40 30 20 10