Genetic Engineering – can be used to transfer genes for specific traits from one organism to another. The technology used in genetic engineering is called DNA technology or biotechnology. 11/30/2018

used to improve crops, cure diseases, and improve life! DNA Technology can be used to improve crops, cure diseases, and improve life! 11/30/2018

publishes, “Experiments in Plant Hybridization” HISTORY OF DNA TECHNOLOGY 1866 – Gregor Mendel publishes, “Experiments in Plant Hybridization” 11/30/2018

Frederick Miescher isolates DNA from cells for the 1869 Frederick Miescher isolates DNA from cells for the first time and calls it “nuclein” 11/30/2018

Mitosis is described by Fleming who watched chromosome behavior 1879 Mitosis is described by Fleming who watched chromosome behavior during animal cell division. 11/30/2018

Mendel’s work is rediscovered 1900 Mendel’s work is rediscovered 11/30/2018

that genes exist in pairs and are located on chromosomes 1902- Walter Sutton states that genes exist in pairs and are located on chromosomes 11/30/2018

his students study fruit fly chromosomes. They show 1911 Thomas Hunt Morgan and his students study fruit fly chromosomes. They show that chromosomes carry genes and also discover genetic linkage. 11/30/2018

Beadle and Tatum experi ment on the red mold Neurospora and show that 1941 Beadle and Tatum experi ment on the red mold Neurospora and show that genes act by regulating distinct chemical events. 11/30/2018

1944 Barbara McClintock, using corn as the model organism, discovers that genes can move around on chromosomes. This mobile units are called transposons or “jumping genes” 11/30/2018

1944- Avery, Macleod, and McCarty discover that genes are made of DNA which carries hereditary information 11/30/2018

1953- Using Franklin’s xrays, Crick and Watson discover the shape of the DNA molecule 11/30/2018

1955 Joe Hin Tjio defines 46 as the exact number of chromosomes in human cells. 11/30/2018

Meselson and Stahl demon- strates that DNA replicates 1958 Meselson and Stahl demon- strates that DNA replicates semiconservately; each strand from the parent DNA molecules ends up paired with a new strand. 11/30/2018

1961 The first screen for a metabolic defect in newborns is developed, a test for phenylketonuria. 11/30/2018

three nucleotides determine an amino acid 1966- the genetic code is 1966- it is discovered that three nucleotides determine an amino acid 1966- the genetic code is discovered 11/30/2018

clones a frog which does not mature 1967 – Gurdon successfully clones a frog which does not mature 11/30/2018

are used to cut viral and bacterial DNA, creating the 1968 – discovery of restriction enzymes 1972 – restriction enzymes are used to cut viral and bacterial DNA, creating the first recombinant DNA mole- cules 11/30/2018

Sanger and his colleagues develop rapid DNA sequen 1975 Sanger and his colleagues develop rapid DNA sequen cing methods. It is the most common method used in labs today; colored dyes are used to identify each of the four bases. 11/30/2018

human insulin using recom- binant DNA technology; it 1978- Genentech produces human insulin using recom- binant DNA technology; it is marketed in 1982 11/30/2018

first baby conceived via in-vitro fertilization, is born 1978- Louise Brown, the first baby conceived via in-vitro fertilization, is born in Great Britain 11/30/2018

animals are produced by transferring genes from 1981- the first transgenic animals are produced by transferring genes from other animals into mice and fruit flies 11/30/2018

is given to Lindow to test bacteria which would prevent 1982 – government approval is given to Lindow to test bacteria which would prevent frost from forming on strawberries and potatoes 11/30/2018

1983 – first baby is born using a donated egg (in Australia) 11/30/2018

Huntington Disease is found on chromosome 4. 1983 A genetic marker for Huntington Disease is found on chromosome 4. 11/30/2018

making billions of copies of a specific segment of DNA. 1983 PCR is invented by Kary Mullis, a method used to amplify DNA, making billions of copies of a specific segment of DNA. 11/30/2018

1985 – the first genetically engineered plants were field tested for the first time 1985 – gene therapy is approved 11/30/2018

1986 – Tobacco becomes the first genetically engineered crop 11/30/2018

and is the first to use it in paternity and murder cases. 1989 – Alec Jeffreys coins the term “DNA Fingerprinting” and is the first to use it in paternity and murder cases. 11/30/2018

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Repetitive DNA sequences called microsatellites are 1989 Repetitive DNA sequences called microsatellites are used as genetic landmarks to distinguish between people. Another type of marker, sequence-tagged sites, are unique stretches of DNA that can be used to make physical maps of chromosomes. 11/30/2018

1990 – the first gene therapy experiment takes place to treat a girl with ADA Deficiency 11/30/2018

rennin, used in cheese, as the first genetically engineered product 1990 – the FDA approves rennin, used in cheese, as the first genetically engineered product 1990 – the first transgenic cow is produced 11/30/2018

Project begins – estimated cost $13 billion 1990 – the Human Genome Project begins – estimated cost $13 billion 11/30/2018

born to a British couple who had the embryo screened for 1992 – the first human is born to a British couple who had the embryo screened for genetic disease prior to im- plantation in the uterus 11/30/2018

The mouse genetic map is completed and since the 1996 The mouse genetic map is completed and since the mouse shares 85% of its genes with humans it allows it to be used to as a model to study diseases in humans. 11/30/2018

mal, “Dolly” is produced from an adult sheep’s cell 1997- the first cloned mam- mal, “Dolly” is produced from an adult sheep’s cell 11/30/2018

1998 The first genome of a multicellular organism, C. elegans, is completed. 11/30/2018

2000 -First draft of the Human Genome Project 11/30/2018

chusetts produce the first human embryos that have 2001 – Scientists in Massa- chusetts produce the first human embryos that have been cloned for stem cell research 11/30/2018

The finished human genome sequence was 99.99% 2003 The finished human genome sequence was 99.99% accurate. It will take decades of research understand all of the information contained within the human genome. 11/30/2018

What disease did the patient have who was the first recipient of gene therapy? Define or describe how the procedure is done. 11/30/2018

genetically modified crops. Give two examples of genetically modified crops. 11/30/2018

What is the normal role of restriction enzymes inside bacterial cells? Name one goal of the Human Genome Project. What is the normal role of restriction enzymes inside bacterial cells? 11/30/2018