Innate Immunity Fever is an abnormally high body temperature due to resetting of the hypothalamic thermostat. Non-specific response: speeds up body reactions increases the effects of endogenous antimicrobials sequesters nutrients from microbes

Innate Immunity Inflammation is defensive response of almost all body tissues to damage of any kind (infection, burns, cuts, etc.). The four characteristic signs and symptoms of inflammation are redness, pain, heat, and swelling. It is a non-specific attempt to dispose of microbes and foreign materials, dilute toxins, and prepare for healing.

Innate Immunity The inflammatory response has three basic stages: Vasodilation and increased permeability Emigration (movement) of phagocytes from the blood into the interstitial space and then to site of damage Tissue repair

Innate Immunity Vasodilation allows more blood to flow to the damaged area which helps remove toxins and debris. Increased permeability permits entrance of defensive proteins (antibodies and clotting factors) to site of injury Other inflammatory mediators include histamine, kinins, prostaglandins (PGs), leukotrienes (LTs), and complement.

Innate Immunity Emigration of phagocytes depends on chemotaxis Neutrophils predominate in early stages but die off quickly. Monocytes transform into macrophages and become more potent phagocytes than neutrophils. Pus is a mass of dead phagocytes and damaged tissue. Pus formation occurs in most inflammatory responses and usually continues until the infection subside.

Innate Immunity The inflammatory response is depicted in this graphic: Edema results from increased permeability of blood vessels. Pain is a prime symptom which results from sensitization of nerve endings by the inflammatory chemicals.