Renaissance and Reformation 1450-1600 Guided Notes Renaissance and Reformation 1450-1600

Definitions Protestant Reformation To express strong objection Reform To improve by correcting errors

Protestant Reformation Defined: Reformation: a spiritual/religious revolution that aimed to correct the “problems” of the Catholic Church and sparked a century and a half of religious civil war. It resulted in the establishment of the Protestant branches of Christianity- e.g. Lutheranism, Calvinism etc Renaissance and Reformation 1450-1600

Religion: Powerful Force Belief in the devil, hell, and a punishing God were powerful forces Thinkers of the Renaissance and Reformation would challenge some of these beliefs Religion guided people Renaissance and Reformation 1450-1600

I. The Church’s Problems Charges of greed Worldly political power challenged Weariness of dependence on the Church and the constraints it enforced Growing human confidence vs. “original sin” Catholic church becomes defensive in the face of criticism The confusing nature of scholasticism

Causes of Protestant Reformation Dissatisfaction with the harsh laws of the Catholic Church An appetite for spiritual experience Open minded people More educated peasants Martin Luther's 95 Theses Renaissance and Reformation 1450-1600

Corruption The Church raised money through practices like selling indulgences. Woodcut of the pope selling indulgences, from Passionary of the Christ and Antichrist. Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Antichrist1.jpg. Plenary indulgence; inscription on the left transept of the Basilica of St. John Lateran, Rome. © Marie-Lan Nguyen / Wikimedia Commons. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indulgence_San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_2006-09-07.jpg

Advantages of Buying Indulgences Go Directly to Heaven! Do not go to Hell! Do not go to Purgatory! Get through Purgatory faster! Do not pass Go!

Political Conflict KINGS AND QUEENS POPES King Philip IV of France (ruled 1285 – 1314); source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philippe_IV_Le_Bel.jpg Pope Urban VI (reigned 1378 – 1389); source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Urbanus_VI.jpg

Renaissance and Reformation 1450-1600 Martin Luther Roman Catholic Monk in Germany Believed that faith alone will bring salvation 1517, he published his 95 Theses listing all problems with the Catholic Church Renaissance and Reformation 1450-1600

Luther Looks for Reforms Luther criticized Church practices, like selling indulgences. He wanted to begin a discussion within the Church about the true path to salvation. He nailed his Ninety-Five Theses, or arguments, to the door of Wittenberg cathedral for all to see. Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses; source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/95Thesen.jpg

The Printing Press Luther’s ideas spread quickly with the help of the printing press. Luther’s supporters distributed copies of his speeches and essays far and wide. Millions of people sided with Luther against the Roman Catholic Church. Printing press; source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Handtiegelpresse_von_1811.jpg

Protestant Teaching: Justification by Faith Alone The Bible is the only source of truth. People can read and understand the Bible themselves. Salvation comes only through faith in Christ. Luther’s Bible; source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Lutherbibel.jpg Luther’s Bible

Excommunication Pope Leo X demanded that Luther recant 41 of his Ninety-Five Theses. In January 1521, Luther was excommunicated from the Church. Luther before the Diet of Worms; source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Diet_of_Worms.jpg

A New Church Luther soon had many followers. His supporters began to organize a new Christian denomination. Several German princes supported Luther. Lutherans and Catholics fought each other. The first wars ended with the Treaty of Augsburg, but fighting in Europe over religion continued to the mid-seventeenth century. Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacre Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacre, by François Dubois; source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Massacre_saint_barthelemy.jpg

Renaissance and Reformation 1450-1600 Counter Reformation Actions taken by Catholic Church to counteract the impact of Protestant Reformation Includes: Council of Trent Priests went to special training Ended the sale of indulgences Cracked down on corruption Roman Inquisition Label anyone Protestant a heretic or witch Kill thousands Index of Prohibited Books Reading any religious book that isn’t the Bible will result in you losing your soul forever. Renaissance and Reformation 1450-1600

Ulrich Zwingli – Created the Protestant religion Reformer Ulrich Zwingli and his Old Testament persona Occurred in Switzerland Zwingli also opposed purgatory, clerical celibacy, worshiping of the saints, and salvation by works

Calvinism John Calvin’s leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564 Stress on order and rigorous adherence to God’s law Believed people were pre-destined for heaven or hell before they were born Mandatory church Live a simple life to set an example for others No jewelry, dancing, singing, or feasting…ever.

The Six Wives of Henry VIII To satisfy his desires and to secure a male heir, Henry married six times: His marriage to CATHERINE OF ARAGON was annulled 1533. In 1536, ANNE BOLEYN was executed for alleged treason and adultery and her daughter Elizabeth was declared illegitimate. JANE SEYMOUR died in 1537 shortly after giving birth to the future Edward VI. Henry wed ANNE OF CLEVES sight unseen on the advice of Cromwell, the purpose being to create by the marriage an alliance with the Protestant princes. The marriage was annulled by Parliament and Cromwell was dismissed and eventually executed. CATHERINE HOWARD was beheaded for adultery in 1542. Henry’s last wife, CATHERINE PARR, a patron of humanists and reformers, survived him.

Marriage to Catherine of Aragon In 1509, Henry VIII had married Catherine of Aragon, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, and the aunt of Emperor Charles V. By 1527, the union had produced no male heir to the throne and only one surviving child, a daughter, Mary. Henry was justifiably concerned about the political consequences of leaving only a female heir. In this period, people believed it unnatural for women to rule over men. At best a woman ruler meant a contested reign, at worst turmoil and revolution.

The King’s Affair By 1527, Henry was thoroughly enamored of Anne Bolyn, one of Catherine’s ladies in waiting. He determined to put Catherine aside and take Anne as his wife. This he could not do in Catholic England, however, without papal annulment of the marriage to Catherine. The year 1527 was also the year when soldiers of the Holy Roman Empire mutinied and sacked Rome. The reigning Pope Clement VII was at the time a prisoner of Charles V, who happened also to be Catherine’s nephew.

Marriage to Anne Boleyn In January 1533, Henry wed the pregnant Anne Boleyn, with Thomas Cranmer officiating.

B. England (cont) The brief reign of Edward VI – died at age 16 Henry’s 1st daughter, Mary rules. She reunites England with the Catholic Church and murders all non-believers. Is called “Bloody Mary” Henry’s other child Elizabeth takes the thrown, kicks out the Catholic Church.

VI. Results of the Reformation Germany was politically weakened and fragmented Christian Church was splintered in the West 100 Years of Religious Warfare Right of Rebellion introduced by both Jesuits and Calvinists Pope’s power increased Furthered societal individualism and secularism Growing doubt and religious skepticism

In your own words, explain what each statement means: Vain is the hope of salvation through letters of pardon, even if a commissary-nay, the Pope himself- were to pledge his own soul for them Again, why does not the Pope, whose riches are at this day more ample than those of the wealthiest of the wealthy; build the one Basilica of St. Peter with his own money, rather than with that of poor believers? Renaissance and Reformation 1450-1600