The Protestant Reformation A PROTEST against Church Abuses and a REFORM movement in the Christian Church.

Terms—The Protestant Reformation Martin Luther (1483 – 1546) Indulgences Purgatory Tetzel Wittenburg Castle/Church 95 Theses Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) The Address to the Christian Nobility Peasant’s Revolt (1524 – 1525) “Protestants” Ulrich Zwingli (1484 – 1531)

General Background In Medieval times Catholic Christianity dominated the lives of people. Since most people were uneducated, however, their understanding of Christianity was often distorted with some superstitions and imaginary concepts. Fear of damnation in an afterlife was of major concern.

Martin Luther (1483 – 1546)

Luther Studied the Bible

“The just shall live by faith” Romans 1:17 “The just shall live by faith”

University of Wittenburg

Indulgences The church selling indulgences A roman catholic indulgence—16th century

Intermediary point between heaven and hell—a temporary hell Purgatory Intermediary point between heaven and hell—a temporary hell Once souls repent—on to heaven

Johannes Tetzel

Tetzel Selling the New Indulgence

Fundraiser for the Catholic Church Sales of Indulgences: “Once you hear the money’s ring, the soul from purgatory is free to spring.” Fundraiser for the Catholic Church Pay for the arts and lavish lifestyles of Church leaders Reduce / Cancel punishment for sins or even future sins Ensure admission to Heaven

Luther Nails His 95 Theses to the Door of the Wittenburg Church/University

Charles V—Holy Roman Emperor Holy Roman Empire

Luther Refuses to Recant

Luther Refuses to Recant “I cannot submit my faith either to the Pope or to the Councils, because it is clear as day they have frequently erred and contradicted each other. Unless therefore, I am convinced by the testimony of Scripture . . . I can and will not retract . . . Here I stand . . . I can do no other. So help me God, Amen!!”

Lutheranism Emerges Pope Leo X summons Luther and asks him to recant. Pope Leo issues a Papal Bull to excommunicate Luther. Luther founds the Lutheran Church based on “Justification of Faith”

Luther Kidnapped!! Kidnapped for his own safety Uses time at Wartburg Castle wisely Under the assumed name of Junker George -- began to translate the New Testament from Greek to German Accomplished in only a few weeks

The Address to the Christian Nobility Used to: Spread his ideas Gain support of Christian nobility of Germany Reject authority of the pope

Peasants Revolt (1524 – 1525) Treated badly by German feudal lords Resented ALL authority—church & civil More than 100,000 peasants died fighting Largest/most widespread uprising until the French Revolution in 1789 Luther’s movement—strictly religious From this point forward the movement was strictly movement

Ulrich Zwingli (1484 – 1531) Zurich, Switzerland Key Doctrine: Salvation by faith alone. No sales of indulgences Theocracy in Zurich.

Foundations for Reform Renaissance education which emphasized critical thinking. Availability of printed books such as the Bible. Humanist values and increased focus on this life vs. afterlife. Abuses of the Church: Pope Leo X’s lifestyle Sales of Indulgences Sales of Relics Sales of Church Offices

The English & Other Reformations

Terms—The English & Other Reformations John Calvin (1509 – 1564) Predestination Huguenots (France) Henry VIII (England)—r. 1509 – 1547 Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour Thomas Cromwell (1485 – 1540) Thomas More (1478 – 1535) Dissolution of the Monasteries (1536) Edward VI (1537 – 1553) Book of Common Prayer Mary I (1516 – 1558) Elizabeth I (1533 – 1603)

John Calvin (1509 – 1564)

Calvinism Geneva, Switzerland Key Doctrine: Predestination: a belief that God alone directs past, present, future Church body regulated behavior – drinking, gambling, card playing France & Scotland

HenrY VIII & his six wives England King Henry VIII HenrY VIII & his six wives

Catherine of Aragon (1485 – 1536)

Anne Boleyn (1507 – 1536)

Pope Clement VII

Thomas Cromwell—Chief Minister (1485 – 1540) Expert at political maneuvering Helped Henry create the new church

Sir Thomas More (1478 – 1535) Christian Humanist, Lawyer & Statesman Opposed Henry & Cromwell Refused to sign the Act of Supremacy Beheaded in 1535

Edward VI Book of Common Prayer

(Bloody) Mary Back to Catholicism

Elizabeth I England becomes truly and forever Protestant

The Catholic Counter-Reformation

Terms—Catholic Counter-Reformation Society of Jesus—Jesuits Ignatius Loyola Council of Trent (1545 – 1563) Inquisitions Index of Prohibited Books (1559) Spanish Armada Peace of Augsburg

Ignatius Loyola

Society of Jesus--Jesuits Expand and defend the Catholic faith

Council of Trent (1545 – 1563)

The Inquisitions

Index of Prohibited Books

Spanish Armada (1588)

Defeat of the Spanish Armada 1588

Peace of Augsburg (1555) Intended to put an end to religious wars in Germany The religion of an area depended on the religion of the prince