Section 4: Huang He River Valley Chapter 2: Early River Valley Civilizations 3500B.C. – 450 B.C. Section 4: Huang He River Valley Aim:

Huang He or Yellow River Geography of China ~ Chinese civilization grew up in the river valley of the Huang He River (a.k.a. the Yellow River) and the Yangzi River. Huang He or Yellow River Yangzi River

Geography of China Barriers Isolate China • Ocean, mountains, deserts isolate China from other areas River Systems • Huang He (“Yellow River”) in north, Yangtze in south • Huang He leaves loess—fertile silt—when it floods Environmental Challenges • Huang He floods can devour whole villages • Geographic isolation means lack of trade; must be self-sufficient

The mountains, deserts, jungles and other geographic features have isolated Chinese culture. Having little contact with others , the Chinese believed their culture was the center of the earth.

Civilizations Emerge in Shang Times The First Dynasties • Around 2000 B.C. cities arise; Yu, first ruler of Xia Dynasty • Yu’s flood control systems tames Huang He (“Yellow River”) • Shang Dynasty, 1650 to 1027 B.C., first to leave written records

Civilizations Emerge in Shang Times About 1650 BC, the Shang gained control of northern China. Ruling families began to gain control, similar to small kingdoms. The Shang set up the first dynasty. Dynasty: A series of rulers from a family.

Civilizations Emerge in Shang Times Early Cities • Built cities of wood, such as Anyang—one of its capital cities • Upper class lives inside city; poorer people live outside • Shang cities have massive walls for military defense

Development of Chinese Culture Chinese Civilization • Sees China as center of world; views others as uncivilized • The group is more important than the individual The Chinese called themselves “The Middle Kingdom” because they believed they were at the center. This is an example of ethnocentrism.

Development of Chinese Culture Family • Family is central social institution; respect for parents a virtue • Elder males control family property • Women expected to obey all men, even sons Social Classes • King and warrior-nobles lead society and own the land

Development of Chinese Culture Religious Beliefs • Spirits of dead ancestors can affect family fortunes • Priests scratch questions on animal bones and tortoise shells • Oracle bones used to consult gods; supreme god, Shang Di

The ancient civilization was much like others with nobility owning the land, merchants and craftspeople trading and living in the cities and a large population of peasants living in surrounding villages.

Early Writing System The Chinese civilizations made achievements in early writing systems that include both pictographs and ideographs and is now as one of the earliest writing systems. Development of Writing • Writing system uses symbols to represent syllables; not ideas • People of different languages can use same system • Huge number of characters make system difficult to learn

Zhou and the Dynastic Cycle The Zhou Take Control • In 1027 B.C., Zhou Dynasty takes control of China Mandate of Heaven • Mandate of Heaven—the belief that a just ruler had divine approval • Developed as justification for change in power to Zhou • Dynastic cycle—pattern of the rise and decline of dynasties

Zhou and the Dynastic Cycle Control Through Feudalism • Feudalism—system where kings give land to nobles in exchange for services • Over time, nobles grow in power and begin to fight each other

Zhou and the Dynastic Cycle Improvements in Technology and Trade • Zhou Dynasty builds roads, canals to improve transportation • Uses coins to make trade easier • Produces cast iron tools and weapons; food production increases http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2032697/Trip-Zhou-Remains-horses-chariots-unearthed-3-000-year-old-Chinese-Dynastys-tomb.html

Zhou and the Dynastic Cycle A Period of Warring States • Peaceful, stable Zhou empire rules from around 1027 to 256 B.C. • In 771 B.C., nomads sack the Zhou capital, murder monarch • Luoyang becomes new capital; but internal wars destroy traditions