Anatomy and Development

Male Anatomy STRUCTURE PURPOSE Scrotum -Pouch that contains the testicles Testicle -A gland that produces sperm and testosterone -Most species have 2 of similar size -Must be kept at a lower temperature then the rest of the body for normal sperm production -Can increase in volume by up 500% during puberty They are typically of similar size, although in sharks, that on the right side is usually larger, and in many bird and mammal species, the left may be the larger.

Prostate and Seminal Vesicles STRUCTURE PURPOSE Seminiferous Tubules -Cells in the testicles, produce an average of 400 million gametes a day -Begin production of sperm during puberty and continue throughout life Epididymus -Organ above the testicles where sperm are stored Vas Deferens -Duct that transports the sperm from the epididymus to the penis during ejaculation Prostate and Seminal Vesicles -Produce semen -Provide muscular support for ejaculation

STRUCTURE PURPOSE Urethra -Duct that runs the length of the penis -Transports semen during ejaculation -Transports urine from the bladder outside the body Cowper’s Gland -Releases fluid into the urethra prior to ejaculation to neutralize the acidity of any remaining urine that could threaten the survival of the spermatozoa Prepuce -Also called the foreskin -Protects the opening to the urethra -Contains mucus glands that help continue the moist environment for spermatozoa as they exit the body -Can be removed for health or religious reasons by a circumcision

Additional Vocabulary Semen: Fluid produced by the seminal vesicles to provide nutrients and a moist environment. Contains protective enzymes for the spermatazoa during ejaculation and entrance into the vagina Ejaculation: The ejecting of semen (usually carrying sperm) from the male reproductory tract. It is an essential component of natural conception.

Erection: Circumcision: a physiological phenomenon where the penis becomes enlarged and firm as a result of an increased volume of blood flow. Penile erection is the result of a complex interaction of factors, and is usually, though not exclusively, associated with sexual arousal. Circumcision: The removal of some or all of the prepuce. An important part of the Jewish, Islamic/ and some branches of the Christian faiths. Secularly done as a form of boosting penile hygiene or to minimise masturbation. In Canada was mandatory in Ontario until 1994

Physical Changes During Puberty: Order of Occurrence Occurrence: age 9-18 Pre-puberty: Age 9 – 12 (avg 10) - Testicular enlargement and lowering Stage 1: Age 11 - 14 (avg 12.4) - Appearance of pubic hair - Increase in height and body shape

Stage 2: Age 11 – 16 ( avg 13 -14) - Oil glands become more active: Onset of acne - Thickening of the vocal chords: voice starts to lower around 13.5 years of age and is usually finished 'changing' around age 14.5 Stage 3: Age 11 – 17 (avg 14-15) - Appearance of body hair: underarm, upper lip, sideburn - Thickening of body hair (begins): arms and legs - Increased growth of the penis and scrotum (avg 13 to + 2 yrs) - Oil glands become more active Stage 4: Age 14-18 (avg 16) -Appearance of body hair: beard, chest, back - Thickening of body hair: arms, legs chest, abdomen, back

Female Anatomy STRUCTURE PURPOSE Ovary -Each woman has two -They take turns releasing an ovum about every 28 days Follicles -Located in the ovaries -Each contains one ovum, which reaches maturity there Fallopian Tubes -Tubes leading from the ovaries to the uterus -Receives the egg from the ovary -Where fertilization occurs

STRUCTURE PURPOSE Uterus -A hallow, pear-shaped organ -Where the zygote develops if the ovum is fertilized -Provides support to the bladder Cervix -The “neck” of the uterus -Where the uterus joins the vagina -Produces mucus to aid or prevent spermatozoa -Stretches during menstruation (result: Cramping) -Dilates during labour to accommodate childbirth (10 cm) Vagina -The passage into which the penis penetrates to release its sperm -The passage the baby takes to leave the uterus -The passage menstrual blood takes to leave the uterus

Physical Changes During Puberty: Order of Occurrence Occurrence: age 8-19 Pre-puberty: Age 8 – 11 (avg 10.5) - Ovary enlargement Stage 1: Age 8 - 14 (avg 11 - 12) - Appearance of pubic hair - Increase in height and body shape -Beginning of breast development

Stage 2: Age 9 – 15 ( avg 12 -13) -Continued breast development -Mucus production of the uterus and vagina begins -First menstrual bleed (avg 11.75), menstrual cycle irregular, no ovulation -Oil glands become more active: Onset of acne Stage 3: Age 10 – 16 (avg 13-14) -Appearance of body hair: Underarms -Thickening of body hair: arms and legs -Widening of the pelvis (hips) -Menstrual cycle: Irregular, onset of ovulation -Breast development: nearing mature size and shape Stage 4: Age 12-19 (avg 15) - Breast development complete -Menstrual cycle: Regular with regular ovulation