Do Now: answer in your notebook Please make a prediction on how the following are connected: -Imperialist Foreign Policy -The Spanish-American war 1898 -Theodore Roosevelt -Guantanamo Bay Detention Camp -Opium Wars in China - Spheres of influence in China

US Foreign Policy in the late 1800s and 1900s

Essential Vocabulary Foreign Policy- the set of goals, principles, and practices that guide a nation in its relations with other nations. Examples: declaring war against another country, signing peace treaties… Domestic Policy- is the set of laws and regulations that a government establishes within a nation’s borders examples: laws and regulations of business, education, energy, health care, law enforcement, money and taxes, natural resources, social welfare

What are the tools of foreign policy? 1. Diplomacy (conducting negotiations) 2. Financial aid (grants, loans), other economic methods (embargoes, sanctions) 3. Threat or use of armed forces

Who leads US foreign policy? The president, advised by the Secretary of State and the State Department –Congress also has power to approve treaties and vote on foreign policy issues. example: Washington’s Farewell Address 1796 “It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world” - Shapes US foreign policy for the next century

Washington’s Foreign Policy Washington- as President he established 2 key foreign policy principles Neutrality- refusing to take sides among warring nations example: 1793, refused to take sides in war between Great Britain and France 2. Unilateralism- do not seek either military or political alliances with other countries, “going it alone” alliance=agreement or friendship between two or more parties, made in order to advance common goals and to secure common interests.

Essential Vocabulary and Background Knowledge Overall US foreign policy of isolationism through the 19th century Isolationism- a government policy of not taking part in economic and political alliances or relations with other countries This policy shifts to a policy of expansion and imperialism, or empire building, near the end of the 19th century and into the 20th century, and that’s what we will be studying this unit!

Remember Manifest Destiny? Major territorial expansions in the 1800s -1803 Louisiana Purchase -1819 purchase of Florida from Spain -1845 settled border in Pacific Northwest -1867 purchase of Alaska from Russia -1845 annexation of Texas (annexation: taking control of a territory and adding it to a country) -1846 Mexican War- settles southern US border, recognition of annexation of TX, Mexico cedes US region from TX to CA, US pays Mexico $15 million

US Territorial Expansion

So the US is expanding its national territory, but also expanding its influence in other countries- President James Monroe made a bold foreign policy speech to Congress on December 2nd, 1823, that signified a major departure from past US isolationism. The principles he laid out in the speech would become known as….

MONROE DOCTRINE 1823 What does this mean?????? “The American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers…” What does this mean??????

Monroe Doctrine warned European powers to stay out of the Western hemisphere Set up 2 policies: Non-colonization Non-interference

The Monroe Doctrine The Monroe Doctrine laid the framework for future global interventions, and was used to increase US influence in Latin America and the Caribbean. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJX5UQnFCBw&feature=related This increasing US influence and power on the global scene was not what all Americans wanted though….

The Great Debate: to be or not to be imperialist? Americans debated over support of imperialist foreign policies But WAIT! What exactly does imperialism mean???? Imperialism: one nation extending its influence over another nation or territory either directly by military conquest or indirectly by exerting control over the other nation’s political or economic affairs.

But how does imperialism work? Imperialism is a relationship between two nations or territories in which: 1. one nation has economic and political control over the other. 2. the ruling nation’s purpose is to extend its power by acquiring and exploiting territory or natural resources. 3. the ruling nation intends the relationship to be permanent. 4. the involvement of the ruled nation is involuntary.

IMPERIALISM Should the US have adopted a foreign policy of imperialism in the late 19th century and the 20th century? -We’ll learn about different foreign policy decisions and events to help us form an argument in response to this question

Spanish American War 1898 conflict between Spain and the US Cuban rebels were fighting for independence from Spain and US is sympathetic USS Maine- a US navy ship docked in Havana harbor exploded unexpectedly and kills 266 sailors President William McKinley declared war on Spain. American attacks Spain's Pacific possessions (Philippines, Guam) as well as Cuba

Yellow Journalism -Americans were sympathetic to the cause for independence and public support to help Cuba was gained through yellow journalism in the US -Yellow Journalism: is a type of journalism that presents little or no legitimate well-researched news and instead uses eye-catching headlines to sell more newspapers

Results of the Spanish American War Paris Peace Treaty gave Cuba Independence, but U.S. stays in Cuba to restore order and set up a military government US also gains control of Spanish colonies- Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines – point them out on the map! After 4 years U.S. withdraws troops in Cuba- 1902, but only after Cuba added certain provisions to their constitution to protect American interests

The Platt Amendment Allows U.S. to intervene in Cuban affairs and buy or lease land for naval bases -Guantanamo Bay naval base

Guantanamo Bay- later on used as a detainment center established in 2002 by the Bush Administration to hold detainees from the war in Afghanistan and later Iraq (enemy combatants) President Obama planned to close Guantanamo Bay detainment center by late 2010- problems with Congress wanting to block the transfer of the detainees to U.S. facilities

US in the Philippines U.S. ratifies Paris Peace Treaty- gain control of the Philippines Filipino leader Emilio Aguinaldo calls for independence- he helped the U.S. during Spanish American war and claimed the U.S. promised freedom to the Philippines Filipinos write constitution and elect Aguinaldo president- U.S. refused to recognize new government

War in the Philippines Feb. 1899 fighting broke out- U.S. sends troops to put down revolt (Filipinos use guerrilla tactics, U.S. responds with brutal force including civilian prison camps) After 3 years of fighting war is over- more than 200,000 Filipinos and about 5,000 Americans had died U.S. sets up central government and would control the islands until granting them independence in 1946

China and the Open Door The Opium Wars, also known as the Anglo-Chinese Wars, divided into the First Opium War from 1839 to 1842 and the Second Opium War from 1856 to 1860, were the climax of disputes over trade and diplomatic relations between China  and the British Empire. As a result of the conflict over control of Chinese markets between the Chinese, the British, and the US and the other European Powers.. -Spheres of influence were created, and the Open Door Policy was implemented. What was the Open Door Policy and who was it most beneficial for?